tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60020165497305143482024-02-18T22:19:59.634-08:00This week in batteries (TWiB)Whatever is here, can be found elsewhere. What is not here, is not worth knowing.*Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.comBlogger60125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-40073454454283141902017-05-15T05:45:00.001-07:002017-05-15T16:16:26.335-07:00Why I work at a National Lab. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Over the years, one question that keeps popping up is why I decided to work for a National Lab, as opposed to a university or industry. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My first answer to this question, which is
“because John Travolta once told me that without a job, residence or legal
tender, I will be a bum” does not seem to lead to satisfaction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, here is the alternate answer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When I first came to a National Lab, I really had no idea
what a Lab did <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">versus</i> these other
entities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I had heard the origin story
(the Manhattan project), seen the big, unique, expensive facilities (the synchrotron sources
and the nano-centers) and knew the names of the many of the scientists in the complex
as leaders in their field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it took a
few years of being at a Lab (after I got past the “do not become a bum” phase)
for me to really understand their critical role in scientific innovation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">At its core, scientific discovery has become hard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The days of the inventor who tinkered on
something in the garage and discovered the next big battery breakthrough are
long gone, unless you are developing battery apps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The “low hanging fruits” have all been picked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The world still needs new discoveries
leading to better technologies; so we have had to, and will continue to, go
higher and higher up the proverbial tree. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">National Labs were/are built to satisfy this need.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In my opinion there are three aspects to a
national lab, the first two being: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(i)
take a bunch of smart scientists and engineers from diverse disciples who are willing to
dedicate their life, working as a team, to solve a problem, and (ii) provide
them with the means to build unique facilities (think big $$) and capabilities
(think brains), unlike any other in the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Do this long enough that this combination will yield new breakthroughs,
new insights, Nobel prizes, and the rest of the good stuff. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And out of this mix emerges the thought leaders
who define the next phase of innovation and set the path for what will be
the future.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the age when the great industrial research labs are all
long gone, this role takes on an even greater importance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But there is a third aspect to a National Lab which, in my
opinion, is equally important. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We are
taxpayer funded and have an obligation to help the taxpayer in whatever way we
can.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Which means that it is not enough
to develop (i) and (ii) and then keep it behind closed doors, with an insular
approach to problem solving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rather, our
mandate is to use said facilities and capabilities to help the broader community gain further knowledge, aid in their quest to discover new things, win
their Nobel prizes, and serve as a means of enabling new products that will
drive the next big market.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But there is lack of understanding among the larger science
and technology community about this aspect of Labs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is especially true for companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For one, we at the Labs do not do a great job
of explaining what we have and the breadth of our capabilities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a translation problem between a Lab
scientist explaining a new technique and a company scientist understanding how
that technique can solve a battery problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And then there is confusion about the ways to even work with
the labs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Companies often don’t realize
that they there are well-established mechanisms to work with Labs, that protection
of IP and confidentiality are built into these relationships, and that the Labs
actually WANT companies to work with them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A decade ago, during the cleantech boom, I was able to
witness this issue firsthand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
companies started investing more into commercializing new technologies, the
translation problem became an obstracle in leveraging the assets in the National
Labs to effectively move forward.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since
those days, I have been passionate about finding ways to solve this
problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In June 14<sup>th</sup>, we are embarking on another part of
the journey to solve the translation problem with, what we are calling, “Battery
Industry Day at Argonne”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On that day,
we will open up the door to industry (and others) to show you what we have,
both the people and the facilities, tell you a bit about what we do, hear from
you on what issues you face, and introduce you to the various mechanisms we have
to work with outside entities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">We will talk about three areas where Argonne has deep expertise:
high-energy batteries used in everything from cell phones to EVs, stationary
storage and its integration with the grid, and batteries for our national security
needs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">You can read a <a href="https://access.anl.gov/battery-industry-day/" target="_blank">bit more about the day and register at this site</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ping me with any questions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Venkat </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-40181278972108017932017-05-02T02:31:00.000-07:002017-05-15T03:28:45.343-07:00All you need to know about batteries: in a dozen tweets. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">I've been told that my blog posts are very long. I have been known to retort that no one reads anything anymore. After a few years of going back and forth on this I have come to the conclusion that if you can't best them, join them. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Research (an euphemism for "made up") suggests that the human brain can't take more than 140 characters. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">So here goes. A summary of batteries in a dozen bite-sized tweets: </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Guess which battery will power most phones, EVs,
and home solar in 2025?</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">A lithium
battery. <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/10/a-boom-then-bust-and-now-new-equilibrium.html" target="_blank">Yes. Really. Good luck new chemistries</a>.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">A battery fire is a feature…in Antarctica. For
the rest, so wish we had new chemistries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Water, where art thou? Hate flammable electrolytes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Lead-acid (yes, that old dog), will destroy
Li-ion for grid storage. Oh ya… there is that <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/11/this-week-in-sulfation.html" target="_blank">sulfation thing to solve</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">The 2017 Li-ion battery is not your
grandfathers one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/08/one-battery-chemistry-to-rule-them-all.html" target="_blank">It is oh, so different on the inside</a>. Don’t judge a book by its cover. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Is there a solid-state battery in your EV
future? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not unless you are less than 50
years old (assumption: life expectancy=70). I made it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">EV battery roadmap: High voltage then silicon, then
Li metal, sulfur, (oxygen?), Mg (Al?). After that? Aliens tech. Or maybe
fluorine. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Grid battery roadmap: Li-ion or lead-acid or
flow or sodium or Zinc or... Who knows. Confused? So is everyone else. Except the aliens. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Hear about an amazing breakthrough in
batteries? Safely ignore it. <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/11/a-step-by-step-guide-to-breakthroughs.html" target="_blank">The inventors did</a> when they violated a few laws of
nature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">All battery companies will claim to drive cost
to less than $100/kWh sometime in the future. Even if they make the battery out
of solid gold. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://gigaom.com/2011/03/18/the-three-laws-of-batteries-and-a-bonus-zeroth-law/" target="_blank">Performance of any battery will fall (just) short of expectations</a> irrespective of the complexity of
the device it is powering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/02/pull-plug-your-battery-will-thank-you.html" target="_blank">Pull the plug. Your battery will thank you</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And don’t use the <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/02/battery-rules.html" target="_blank">wrong rules for the wrong battery</a>. Memory effect is so 1995. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">It takes 10 years and $250M to start a battery
company. Unless you are in China. Then it takes 1 year and $50M. Gotta love incentives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #2a2e33; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Venkat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-85648066574337375912017-04-21T03:37:00.000-07:002017-04-21T03:37:53.728-07:00Everything you need to know about batteries: In 600 words or less. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Last week a person I know wanted to learn more about
batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was a bit surprised that
this person was not already leaning on, what I consider, the ultimate resource
for all things batteries: TWiB.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Upon further reflection and some much-needed soothing of my
bruised ego, I have had an epiphany.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
more than 50 posts and 42,000 words*, covering topics ranging from potato
batteries, to the rules that govern batteries, to the state of the battery
market, I can see why one would be confused.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I guess it is like trying to figure out where in the Mahabharata one
encounters ethical dilemma’s (hint: There are way too many to just look up in
any one page).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What we need is a cheat
sheet: a Douglas Adams synthesis of the vastness of the universe, if you will.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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So, I decided to make it simple and guide you thru my
numerous blog posts. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hopefully this
guide will help you realize that TWiB has everything you need to know about
batteries, and a few things you did not even know you need to know.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Want to know about the history of batteries, the many kinds
of batteries, and how we innovate in batteries?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Check out my posts on the History of Batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Read both <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/08/brief-history-of-batteries-part-1.html" target="_blank">Part 1</a> and <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/09/brief-history-of-batteries-part-2.html" target="_blank">Part 2</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frankly, even if you think you know a lot
about batteries, you can read these two posts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Want to know how to maintain your car battery, your old
Roomba, and/or your laptop?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Did you know
each of those devices have a different kind of battery? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/02/battery-rules.html" target="_blank">Learn more</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Have you always wondered what the highest energy density
battery ever made was?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or the one with
the longest cycle life? If you have, you really do need to get out more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If that is not an option, you could check out
my posts of the Hero Batteries, both <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/10/the-hero-with-four-faces-part-1.html" target="_blank">Part 1</a> and <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/10/the-hero-with-four-faces-part-2.html" target="_blank">Part 2</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Did you just find out about a new breakthrough in batteries
in some website that promises to increase the energy density by a factor of 10 with
some sort of alien tech?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Are you wondering
when that will hit the EV in your dealership?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Wondering when the next alien tech will hit the battery community?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/11/a-step-by-step-guide-to-breakthroughs.html" target="_blank">Check out my guide to battery breakthroughs</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Are you one of those who can’t read the book but is happy to
watch Peter Jackson’s movie adaptation of the Lord of the Rings?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Are you in the mood for a quick 1h, easy to
digest overview of the status of batteries, how far we can get with future
advances, and what is stopping us from getting there, all recited in a charming
Indian accent?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=br4zQKxVrFs" target="_blank">Check out my presentation</a>
at Princeton here. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Finally, wondering why there is all this sudden talk about
how one can create jobs in energy technologies in the US? All in the last 3
months? (Hint: Check the news). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wondering
why TWiB is not jumping on this bandwagon?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Because I said it 3 years ago: long before it was fashionable!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And I said it in the aforementioned charming
Indian accent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Check out this <a href="https://vimeo.com/93013120" target="_blank">video in the Fremont Cleantech Open</a>. <o:p></o:p></div>
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There you have it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One easy to digest post that tells you all you need to know about
batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Can I just say that when I go back and read some of these
old posts, I’m amazed at how smart I used to be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m sure all seven of my regular readers can attest
to the decreasing quality over time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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* Methodology used to determine total number of written
words:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Copy paste post from site to MS
Word; check word count; repeat…two more times; get bored; think about taking
average word count per post times number of posts; get a headache thinking of
the complexity of the math; pull 42,000 number out of you-know-where paying
homage to Hitchhikers Guide. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-61186525301375744212017-04-12T03:34:00.000-07:002017-04-12T03:34:05.053-07:00Think outside the bubble.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have always known that the <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2016/02/a-bolt-with-b-not-v-from-blue.html" target="_blank">SF Bay Area was a bubble</a>, but
since moving to Chicagoland, and going about the mundane things in life, this
has become very clear. I’m not talking about the perfect-temperature-summer-or-winter
and always-sunny weather bubble.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Mark Twain apparently said that the
coldest winter he ever spent was a summer in San Francisco,* I can only assume
that he was never in Chicago anytime between November and April. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No. I’m talking about the show-me-the-next-big-technology
bubble in the Nor. Cal. area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where
every fifth car is a Tesla, every third is a Leaf, and a roof without a solar
panel means it has the latest in architectural solar shingles. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have seen a total of ten Tesla’s in the last 3-4 months in
the burbs of Chicago.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Five of them are
the same color, so highly possible I keep seeing the same ones again and again.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have seen a handful of Leaf’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I got all excited when I saw my first BMW i3 the
past weekend; I now know what a Big Foot sighting feels like.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The grocery store we shop in has a few slots allocated for
clean vehicles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first time we drove
up there in our Prius, I parked <u>next</u> to these spots, because, in the Bay
Area, a Prius is not really a clean vehicle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I had assumed that these are for the oh-so-many-EVs we have in the road.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well well well… what do you know?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I see everything <u>except</u> clean vehicles
take up those spaces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I once saw a F150
parked in the slot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And No. It was not an
indie-convert F150 with a 150 kWh battery pack in the flat bed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
suppose the driver interpreted the sign as being referenced to a big rig.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We have been house hunting for the last month and as with
all home buyers we don’t look at the road when driving, but the roofs of the
homes on the side of the road (one reason why we desperately need to move to
automated cars).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have yet to see a
roof line that has a solar panel, unless it is hiding somewhere within the
folds of the enormous structures that people here call homes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2011/02/ill-be-back-in-8-hours.html" target="_blank">When we bought our home in CA in 2011</a>, rooftop
solar was still a novelty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But by the
time we moved, ~30% of my neighborhood had solar and the number was
increasing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The difference in solar penetration is easier to understand;
with electricity at 9c/kWh in IL compared to 15c/kWh in CA and less sunny days,
the economics are harder to justify.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
there is the well-known effect that if your neighbor has solar, you get to
understand the technology, get recommendation on installers, tips on using it
etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adoption becomes easier with
knowledge. The bubble in the Bay Area has certainly helped solar PV.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imagine the ego boost when you can proclaim
that you have more MWh generated than anyone else on the block.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Never underestimate the power of peer
pressure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
CA jumpstarted its solar push <a href="http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/about/csi.php" target="_blank">using state incentives</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A bill that was r<a href="https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/clean-energy-advocates-praise-passage-of-major-illinois-energy-bill" target="_blank">ecently passed in IL </a>will, hopefully, help in this regard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And the steady
dropping costs of solar will also help.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Solar
module prices are dropping like a brick; the latest word appears to be close to
3c/kWh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maybe the next 6 years in IL are
going to be the same as what I saw in CA when I bought a house 6 years ago; a steady
rise in rooftop solar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maybe...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The EV penetration differences are going to be harder to
bridge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, gas is a bit cheaper in IL,
but not by much. The lower electricity cost will certain help EVs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Driving distances are not that dramatically different.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes, the cold weather will kill the range (and
damn, is it cold here!) with all the heating needs, but these are trivial
differences. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There has to be a deeper
reason.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We all like to think car buying is a rational process
involves some sort of financial calculation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Reality is that once we sit in the car, rationality goes out the window.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The car we drive is a statement about who we
are.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I remember years ago, when we had
just about gotten a job, me driving thru a fancy neighborhood in a Subaru and commenting
to my wife that we don’t belong there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
few years later, my wife bought a Prius, and we drove thru the same neighborhood
and I commented that we still don’t belong there, but no-one there knows it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was the mid 2000’s when the Prius was
the ultimate leveler:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you were green
you had a Prius, irrespective of your economic standing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Larry David had one, and so did I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A decade later, we have bifurcation in the EV/plug-in
market.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is the “value for money” car
(Leaf), the “reliability is key” car (plug in Prius), the “German handling” car
(i3), the “driving-range flexibility” car (Volt), and the “I have the green to
make a statement” car (Model S).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">These work very well inside the bubble. But outside? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I wonder if the bifurcation we need is not the above, but
the “this is the next cool thing that happened to mankind” one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Model 3 preorders seems to have tapped
into this part of our brain (the Model S has this angle, except at a price tag
to ensure exclusivity).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A purely economic
argument may not be enough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rather, we
need EV’s to provide the buyer with a lifestyle they want to see themselves in.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2016/02/a-bolt-with-b-not-v-from-blue.html" target="_blank">In a post last year</a>, I was examining the rise of the 200
mile EV segment and wondering if this will change the pace of adoption.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It certainly will in the Bay Area. But now I
wonder if we need more than just the driving range at the price we can afford
for adoption in places like my new home. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Not sure the same “imagine yourself sitting here” argument
works for home solar (same for solar+storage) in my new neighborhood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When one turns on the light switch, it works
exactly the same whether the electrons came from coal or from solar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The economics need to make sense.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But I also do think it would help to create a bubble; one
that helps breakdown some of the myths around new technologies and allows familiarity. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Worked for the Bay Area. May work in the burbs
of Chicago. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If only we had a nucleation point for this bubble (pun
intended).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maybe someone who thinks
about energy, thinks about adoption of new technology, thinks of themselves as
a first adopter, and is looking for a new home wherein solar can become part of
the solution?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Did I mentioned that I was in the market for a new home? And that Prius does look a bit beaten up. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Venkat <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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* Snopes tells me that Mark Twain probably did not say anything
like that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But as I have pointed out
before, <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/11/a-step-by-step-guide-to-breakthroughs.html" target="_blank">I feel that facts just get in the way</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-8115097637599812492017-04-07T07:33:00.000-07:002017-04-07T07:33:13.109-07:00Batteries: a technology that never gets old. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The New York Times rarely talks about my favorite subject,
but when they do, I feel the need to spread the word (I hope their servers can
handle the traffic this plug is going to generate).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/opinion/sunday/to-be-a-genius-think-like-a-94-year-old.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=opinion-c-col-right-region&region=opinion-c-col-right-region&WT.nav=opinion-c-col-right-region" target="_blank">This article is about John Goodenough</a>, who invented a key
material in the battery that powers pretty much every device we own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He then went on to invent a few more of these
materials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://qz.com/802253/john-goodenough-the-pioneer-of-lithium-ion-batteries-has-been-denied-a-nobel-prize-yet-again/" target="_blank">I have been known to be rather distressed</a> by the fact that
he has not gotten the prize yet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
suppose discoveries that have changed the way we interact with the world don’t typically
qualify.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rather, the prize is reserved
for ones that appear to show enormous promise to change something sometime in
the distant future, continue to show said promise for three decades and will
continue to show that promise for three more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Buckeyballs anyone?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://qz.com/929794/has-lithium-battery-genius-john-goodenough-done-it-again-colleagues-are-skeptical/" target="_blank">Prof. Goodneough is now in the middle of a controversy</a> with
his recent paper where he claims a new way to think of
how energy is stored in a battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m
ambivalent about blogs and news reports suddenly trying to be scientific journals.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think the scientific method of
reproduction, verification, peer review etc. should be followed. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Irrespective of the controversy, Prof. Goodenough is a
legend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can read more <a href="http://authors.library.caltech.edu/5456/1/hrst.mit.edu/hrs/materials/public/Goodenough/Goodenough_interview.htm" target="_blank">about his deep intellect here</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Also, if you are feeling old, the Times article is a real
picker-upper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maybe I do have hope and will find the next breakthrough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/11/a-step-by-step-guide-to-breakthroughs.html" target="_blank">I do have the formula dialed in</a>! <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Venkat <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
p.s. For all seven regular readers, I do know that I have been AWOL from blogging. Hoping to change that. </div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-40994234499292065002016-11-01T04:49:00.000-07:002016-11-01T04:49:54.558-07:00Tips on extending battery life; from a battery guru. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Probably best to get this out of the way right upfront: The
battery guru referred to is yours faithfully. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sorry to disappoint. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Regular readers of this blog (all seven of you) know my <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/02/battery-rules.html" target="_blank">rather famous (!) blog post titled “Battery rules”</a>, where, inspired by Michael Pollan,
I penned a poem that went,<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Don’t charge them too high<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Don’t swing them too wide<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Keep the temperature low to extend their life.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This post was a follow on to my other tremendously popular
(read:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>eight total views) <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/02/pull-plug-your-battery-will-thank-you.html" target="_blank">post titled “Pull the plug. Your battery will thank you.” </a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The posts were meant to
provide an understanding on why Li-ion batteries fail and how one can use this
understanding to extend the life of batteries. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Just to be clear: These rules are for Li-ion batteries; for
phones, laptops, cars etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not for other
kinds of batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And not for every
Li-ion battery known either; but the most popular ones. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The reason’s for these rules are simple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Li-ion batteries don’t like to be at the top
of charge (because of side reactions that consume lithium).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They don’t like being charged and discharged
completely (because of the volume change associated with moving a lot of
lithium back and forth and the associated stresses).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And higher the temperature, more the side
reactions that impact battery life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When the blog post was written, the whole fast charging of
batteries was not a big deal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But now,
we are seeing more and more emphasis on this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fast charging can also be bad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>More on this at the end of the post.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The simple statement “Pull the plug” was really a way to
implement the 1<sup>st</sup> rule “Don’t charge them too high” without much thought.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other words, don’t use your laptop like a
desktop and keep it plugged in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All.
The. Time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This only makes the side
reactions worse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stop charging.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let the battery discharge a bit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Every time I walk into a meeting and see the inevitable dive
under the table to find the charging plug, followed by attaching the charging
cable to the Mac laptop, only to see that the charging light is green, my blood
pressure increases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I then go thru the
sermon explaining why they need to pull the plug.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They comply.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For 15
mins. After which they are back to plugging it in. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Blood pressure increases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cycle repeats. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And No.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/11/a-step-by-step-guide-to-breakthroughs.html" target="_blank">No real breakthroughs have occurred</a> since the post that makes the rules
obsolete.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Clearly, the rules are not working.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m sure it is not the messenger (?).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m sure it is not the message.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So it must be the way the message is
delivered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So this post is battery rules redux.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will explain how I charge and use my
battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hopefully, this gives folks a
sense for how they can maximize their battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My track record:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
have a computer that lost 4% capacity in 2 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have a phone that lost 5% capacity in 2
years. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this post, I will focus on the phone and how I baby the
battery. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First some basics:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On
any typical day I only discharge my battery around 30-40%. There may be an
occasional day when I will discharge the battery by 70%, but those are
rare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other words, I <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">could</i> use my battery for two days
without needing to recharge it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If my usage seems rather minimal, it is not (although I
never got into the pokemon revolution).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rather it is because of two attributes that many of you probably share.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First, I have an iPhone 6 plus (the YUGE one that does not
fit in any normal size pocket).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
means that the phone has a pretty large battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And although the screen size is larger, the
bigger battery more than compensates for the power draw of the screen. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Second, the operating system on the phone, iOS, is very
battery friendly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I moved to the 6 plus
from an Android phone (with, I believe, the KitKat version).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That phone had to be charged after an eleven
hour day, despite having a reasonably large battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would drain 5% of the battery capacity
every hour, even when the phone was, supposedly, idle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iOS appears to lead to less battery drain,
especially during rest.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Based on my usage profile and the attributes of my phone,
here is what I do:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- I charge my phone in the evening close to when I’m about
to go to bed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My battery is around 40%
state of charge (SOC).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I charge it to
around 80-85% SOC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Takes me ½ hour or
so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t agonize over the exact SOC,
I pull the plug when I remember to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- I sleep and when I wake, the battery has lost maybe 3% of
so of its capacity (No. I don’t sleep for 1 h.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I sleep the normal 7 h).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t
plug it in. Rather, I go about my day, make calls, check email, listen to
podcasts, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I use the phone as much
as the next person.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When I get back home
I’m at approximately 50% SOC and a couple of hours later, when I’m ready for
bed, at 40%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I repeat the charging
cycle. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In effect, I don’t let the battery charge too high.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t let it swing too wide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other words, I follow my rules.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t leave it charging all night (i.e.,
where the battery is fully charged a couple of hours after we hit the bed and
is sitting at the top of charge for the next 5-6 hours).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t discharge it all the way down each
time before charging it. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- When I feel like my day may be particular long with a lot
of phone use, which for me typically means I’m on travel, I charge the phone
upto 100% SOC, typically in the morning before the day starts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meaning, it is fully charged, but is not
sitting at the top of charge for hours on end.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- Every few months, when I’m not on travel and have a
predictable week, I fully charge the battery and drain it down all the way
before recharging it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This should allow
the phone to calibrate the SOC by performing a discharge capacity check.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This may sound counter intuitive:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have a battery that should last 2
days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, I choose to charge it every
day. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In effect I’m racking in cycles,
twice as fast as I need to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is that not
bad?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I would posit that it is not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The number of times the battery is cycled has
to be put in context of the SOC that the battery swings, and how much time it
spends at places where side reactions can dominate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We know that batteries can cycle 300,000
times (yes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three hundred thousand!)
when the SOC swing is kept rather small (say 3%, like what occurs in a hybrid
electric vehicle).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In these situations,
the calendar life of the battery (i.e., how many years it lasts) is more
critical than the number of cycles. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As we widen the SOC swing, the battery life decreases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The worst is fully charging and discharging
the battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even worse is going to the
top of charge where we have side reactions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>My scheme minimizes the time spent at the top of charge, without overly
swinging the battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And it keeps me on a reasonably manageable daily schedule
for charging without having to think too deeply about it. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Frankly, it would be better for me to charge the battery upto
say 50-60% SOC and let us drain down to 10-20% each day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, that, to me, is living dangerously.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having that extra 20%-30%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of buffer capacity gives me peace of mind
(What if I get lured into Pokemon Go on my way home?). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Irrespective of what phone you have, and how you use it, the
two rules (don’t charge them too high and don’t swing the too wide) will help
you. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As far as the rule to keep the temperature low, I don’t keep
my phone on my car dash where it is hot. My phone happens to be sitting
somewhere in front of the air vents, which helps during summer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t keep my phone on hot metal tables in
summer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have been known to go so far as to contemplate living in
frigid conditions just to avoid the high temperatures in some parts of the
world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Talk about taking ones job
seriously…<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now for the whole fast charge issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In my <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/10/the-hero-with-four-faces-part-1.html" target="_blank">blog post titled “The Hero with four faces: Part 1”</a> I explored the question of
fast charge and the issues surrounding it. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Short summary:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lithium can plate (which makes the battery go boom).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you swing the SOC too much and too fast,
you can break the particles (although this may not be as big a deal as folks
think it is).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And the battery tends to
get hot when charged fast , violating the rule to keep temperatures low.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Turns out that one does not want to go too low in
temperature either.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We know that lithium
plating is much more of a problem at low temperatures; i.e., Golidlocks effect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of these, lithium plating is the one to avoid at all cost;
the rest only degrade the battery and are not dangerous (unless the battery
really starts to cook).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All it does it
kill the battery capacity rapidly, which, for a device that one changes every 2
years, is not really a big consideration. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Having said all this, the phone maker meters in the charge
from the charger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meaning, just because
you get yourself a beefier charger does not mean that your phone is going to
accept the charge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The phone maker is
supposed to watch out for the battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But there is a push to use fast charge as a differentiator in
consumer electronic devices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means
is that unless the company is performing some sort of smart charging to avoid
the problems above, the battery is probably not going to do well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So, unless you hear it from this blog, best to avoid fast
charging your phone. Assuming your phone maker gives you such an option.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the meantime, assuming poems are not your thing, can I remind
you all that that friends don’t let friends keep their batteries plugged
in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, be a nice buddy, and ask your
neighbor to pull the plug.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Venkat <o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-32053686296785411332016-10-23T10:06:00.002-07:002016-10-23T10:09:03.173-07:00Cobalt blues: The Li-ion supply chain and the shackles it creates. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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In recent weeks, two articles in the Washington Post laid
bare the sorry state of the supply chain for Li-ion batteries; batteries that
have made our phones into a device we use for everything (except calling people!);
is changing the way we drive; and promises to change the way we generate and
use energy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/business/batteries/congo-cobalt-mining-for-lithium-ion-battery/" target="_blank">The first one</a> on cobalt mining in Congo describes dangerous conditions, child
labor, and exposure to toxic metals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cobalt is essential for cathodes for Li-ion batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/business/batteries/graphite-mining-pollution-in-china/" target="_blank">The second article</a> on graphite, used as an anode in Li-ion batteries, digs into
the pollution, environmental destruction, and health effects from mines in
China.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both stories are very well
researched; connecting the dots from the mines, to the supply chain, all the
way to the companies that use them in smart phones and electric cars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The articles are also depressing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They reveal a side of these devices none of
us want to see.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is like watching Food
Inc. <o:p></o:p></div>
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One question that I have gotten since these articles came
out is:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Can we move away from cobalt and
natural graphite for Li-ion batteries?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This blog post delves into this topic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Why did we start
using cobalt anyway? <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/12/a-brief-history-of-cathodes-or-thinking.html" target="_blank">Marca Doeff’s blog post</a> does a fantastic job of walking us through the history of
Li-ion cathode materials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lithium cobalt
oxide, which John Goodenough discovered, started the whole Li-ion
revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cobalt oxide was (and is)
expensive, so variations have been found that have no cobalt in them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Lithium manganese oxide came along soon after, was
eventually commercialized, and reached the market for power tools and in
plug-in electric cars. Manganese oxide is significantly safer than cobalt oxide,
but it also has far less energy density.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And consumer electronics and electric cars need highly energy dense
materials, so manganese oxide is not that useful for these applications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Another variant is lithium iron phosphate, which has a
complicated IP history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of you
probably heard of this chemistry when A123 first commercialized this for power
tools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has since become pretty
popular in Asia for transportation applications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The chemistry is very safe and has fantastic
cycle life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So there is hope that we can
use it as the stationary storage market evolves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the wonderful safety and cycle life comes
at the expensive of energy density, which is pretty low compared to cobalt
oxide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ergo, limited use for high-energy
applications. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In the late 90’s the nickel variant of cobalt oxide, lithium
nickel oxide appeared to be gaining traction in the consumer electronics
battery world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But nickel oxide has some
safety issues and this was a cause for concern.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Instead, what became more successful were a class of cathodes where the
cobalt content was lowered instead of being eliminated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These include nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA)
and nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There
was a period in the early/mid-2000’s when these variants seemed poised to displace
cobalt oxide completely, partially driven by, what at that time appeared to be,
the limit of cobalt oxide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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And then, cobalt oxide got better.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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It was long thought that cobalt-based cathodes could not be
used beyond a cell voltage of 4.2 V because of reactions between the cathode
and the electrolyte that lead to degradation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Today, with surface coatings to isolate the cathode from the electrolyte,
combined with larger particles, cells charge to 4.4 V or more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Coupled with the ability to achieve high tap
densities (defining tap density is a blog post in itself!), cobalt oxide has
again become the highest energy density battery available.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For smartphones, laptops etc., where the
battery cost is relatively small, the energy density advantage is key.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So cobalt has come back to rule the Li-ion
world.<o:p></o:p></div>
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But cobalt is still expensive. So for larger batteries such
as in electric cars and for stationary storage, the lower cobalt content
materials such as NCA and NMC are used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And it is not obvious to me that the high-voltage cobalt oxide cells
(operating at 4.4 V) are going to be long-life batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are probably great for the 2-year change
cycle for phones; not the 10-year change cycle for cars. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
Although, to digress, I have a 2 year old phone that has only lost 7% of its capacity. How, you ask? Because I follow <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/02/battery-rules.html" target="_blank">these wonderful battery rules</a>. <br />
<br />
I summarize all this in the figure below, including the options for the anode and the electrolyte (well... there really aren't many options for electrolytes!)<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzvs_9eXRKMkdIPc0fMO6QqNu6P6P_TjQYYO9dmRZj29qIyWTSYYRe-eTmhgNcdO6qmImk_64NmhgsV70VM35wFNuuY6plLnatUnutFz9gFo3seeMJs1UZbcViDNqmXoSVFsIFDRpih70z/s1600/Untitled.001.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzvs_9eXRKMkdIPc0fMO6QqNu6P6P_TjQYYO9dmRZj29qIyWTSYYRe-eTmhgNcdO6qmImk_64NmhgsV70VM35wFNuuY6plLnatUnutFz9gFo3seeMJs1UZbcViDNqmXoSVFsIFDRpih70z/s640/Untitled.001.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Can we move away from cobalt altogether?</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Not clear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As I said
before, we do have options that have no cobalt, but these options are not very
high in energy density, except for the nickel oxide material. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The nickel oxide material works well, although
the synthesis requires some care.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However the safety of the material is questionable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And as the recent incidents with the Note 7
have highlighted, one should be designing safety into every component in the
battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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In the meantime, lowering the cobalt content is probably the
logical pathway.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a trend in the
research stage to minimize the cobalt content, in some cases to as much as 10%
of the transition metal content; without scarifying energy density. Some of these materials, referred to as the lithium-rich, manganese-rich materials, show enormous promise. And they offer the hope of eliminating cobalt. But they also appear to have some fundamental issues that need to be solved. Work continues, at universities, national labs, and in companies to bring these to market.<br />
<br />
In addition, one can also
imagine playing the same tricks on the NMC formulation that helped cobalt oxide
operate at higher voltages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will
help increase the energy density of this material, beyond what is possible with
cobalt oxide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But these are all still in
the research stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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In batteries, the time from lab breakthrough (real ones, not
the ones <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/11/a-step-by-step-guide-to-breakthroughs.html" target="_blank">that are alluded to here</a>) to market impact takes a decade or more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, we may be stuck with cobalt oxide for a
while.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But there is hope that we can
move away from it with less cobalt and maybe, one day, with no cobalt. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But, something tells me that even if that happens, we will
find out that children can still be exploited and the environment destroyed in
the search for the raw materials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
issue here is probably not cobalt. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
something far beyond what this blog was meant to address. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Case in point is the graphite part of the Washington Post story.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Next week I will list our options for moving
away from graphite anodes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Venkat <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-48883103588153301762016-10-16T05:00:00.000-07:002016-10-16T06:31:11.316-07:00Finally, we know why the Note 7 exploded. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The answer, according to the New York Times: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/business/international/samsung-galaxy-note7-terminated.html?_r=0" target="_blank">Samsung seems to have packed it with so much innovation it became uncontrollable</a><span id="goog_1765723515"></span><span id="goog_1765723516"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a>”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apparently phone components are like 4-year
olds; put 3-4 of them in a room and they are ok, but pack 10 of them in a small
place they will destroy the room with all the energy feeding off of each other.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of all the theories, this one takes the
cake.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As much as I think the community should not be speculating
on the underlying case of the explosion, I think we can’t help ourselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For battery types, this is the most interesting
event that happened since the-last-time-there-was-a-fire, so we are all
salivating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What can I say: we don’t get
out much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For non-battery types, I can see their need to know if more
phones are going to be exploding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only
way to know is to understand what happened with the Note 7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have been getting this question steadily the past few
weeks, so I thought I would collect all the speculation in one single
place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I also provide my views on
this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So here goes: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. The battery was overcharged (BMS failure, too high an
upper cut off voltage, aliens, whatever) and hence the fire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think the eager ones among us, who do not
believe in waiting for more information, speculatively stated this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think Samsung’s revelation that there was a
manufacturing flaw negates this theory.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Samsung used a 6 um separator in the battery and this
lead to defects when assembling with a thin separator. This in turn led to
shorts and the explosions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As I explain
below, this may be part of the story. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. The battery had a manufacturing defect where the anode
and cathode did not line up correctly, leading to edge effects, lithium plating
and shorting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This seemed very likely until
the New York Times article came out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While these three issues are obvious ones that most battery
types would guess, the New York Times articles makes the point that after
initially concluding that it was the battery, Samsung realized that it was not that
simple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The article claims that Samsung could
not pinpoint the reason!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hence the wacky
statement about “uncontrolled innovation”.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Let us be clear: Samsung makes great batteries. ATL makes
great batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If this were an obvious
issue, they would have caught it after the first few weeks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is something to be said about the argument
that this is a more complicated problem. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since the Times article came out, we have had three more,
system level, theories that have popped up.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. The battery was being fast charged due to a chip design
flaw.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Faster than it was rated for. This
lead to overheating, thermal runaway, ending with you-know-what.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m not so sure about this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Note 7 phones were exploding even when
not fast charged so… <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. There was so much being packed in a small volume that the
battery was getting squeezed and the edges pinched, unintentionally, leading to
shorts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This theory does seem possible,
but I like the theory below (which is a variant) the most.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. Samsung used higher content of silicon in the graphite-silicon
blended anode.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The silicon expands on
charge and swells the pouch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because the
pouch was unable to swell in the phone due to the lack of space, it shorted and
exploded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I really like this theory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There have been problems with battery
swelling even before silicon came to the scene, but this has only gotten worse
with silicon-graphite anodes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many
consumer electronics companies have been worried about this and have a spec.
for how much the battery can expand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://mashable.com/2016/10/13/samsung-galaxy-note-7-dangerous-design/">According
to Mashable</a>, the Note 7 had a 750 Wh/l battery; which is PRETTY energy
dense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Much more so than previous
generations of batteries, suggesting higher silicon content than before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is possible that higher silicon content combined with a
thinner separator and less space in the phone for volume expansion all came
together to lead to shorts and fires.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’m sure I’ve missed a few other theories (aliens?), but I
think I got the majority of the ones I have heard. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now that we have that out of the way, let us talk a bit
about what this all means.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I think the initial speculation that this was a battery-level
issue appears too simplistic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clearly,
there is more to the story. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Batteries
all over are safe, have been safe, and will continue to be safe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Assuming you know what you are doing. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But what if you have “uncontrolled innovation” happen again?
What is a poor battery to do if the overall system does not want to treat it
kindly?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Li-ion batteries are energy
storage devices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meaning, if you release
the energy very very fast it is not going to be pretty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, some TLC is in order.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But even if the system screws up how it handles the battery,
shouldn’t the storage device itself be made to withstand any abuse?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As we move toward wearable technology with
things attached to every part of our body, we need to ensure that the battery
remains robust even if there is a system-level failure. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There has been a narrative going around that Li-ion
batteries today are similar to where crystalline silicon solar cells where a
decade ago: meaning, the prices are dropping and one can get installers and
system integrators to come in and start to make them ubiquitous.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Note 7 incident shows the perils of this
thinking.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Batteries are not plug and play devices where Jane-solarinstaller
is going to buy something off of Alibaba and dump it in your garage and get you
city permit folks to sign off as if they are inspecting your plumbing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We better be buying from someone who knows
how to make them well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> And</span> we better
know how to design the system correctly, install them well, and control them
through the life of the device. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But to get the world where we do treat our batteries like we
treat our microwave (bang on it to try to get it working?), we need the
batteries to be robust inside out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
requires a separate blog post, hopefully, in the near future. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
In the meantime, with the Note 7 off the streets, time for
the battery folks to crawl back to the cave and focus on <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/11/a-step-by-step-guide-to-breakthroughs.html" target="_blank">achieving a few breakthroughs</a>.
Until the next incident… </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Venkat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-61488537266191751182016-09-11T18:55:00.000-07:002016-09-11T18:55:34.342-07:00Why are Note 7 batteries exploding? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Samsung Galaxy Note 7’s are exploding when they are charged. The tech media is, rightly, trying to get to the bottom of
this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Much has been said about how this can happen and the focus
appears to be on overcharging Li-ion batteries and the resulting heat
generation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only party that actually
knows something about this is Samsung and they have said that there was a “minor
flaw in the battery manufacturing process”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This does NOT sound like an overcharging problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This could be either misalignment of
electrodes leading to lithium plating and shorting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or something like copper dissolution and subsequent
deposition leading to shorts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Or something else.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But more importantly, except for Samsung, we are all
guessing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As long as Samsung does not tell
us (and I’ll go on a limb and say that they will not), we can make up anything
we want.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But guess what: we are making
stuff up!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We should probably stop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">But where is the fun in that. So let the speculation continue. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Interestingly, the Chinese made batteries by ATL are not
exploding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only the Samsung made ones
are. So much for "low quality Chinese manufacturing"… <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Venkat <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-65624265358415382662016-02-01T13:12:00.000-08:002016-02-01T19:54:16.070-08:00A Bolt (with a B not a V) from the Blue<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
From time to time, I have been known to get all excited
trying to explain to my 3-year old that he is living in an amazing time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Self-driving cars, hoverboards, home
automation, robot assistants… the list of amazing changes goes on and on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He, in
turn, has been known to give me the “leave me the @$%#$ alone” look while he
gets back to being amazed at the number of ABCD songs on YouTube.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Apparently, both my son and I are wrong to be amazed.
Atleast this is what I learnt when I read reviews of a new book titled “<a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Rise-Fall-American-Growth/dp/0691147728">The
rise and fall of American growth</a>” by Robert Gordon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_gordon_the_death_of_innovation_the_end_of_growth?language=en">His
TED talk</a> argues that the pace of technological innovation in the last 50
years is far lower than the period in the first half of the 20<sup>th</sup>
century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlimited ABCD is all nice, but
from an economic growth perspective, apparently not as big a deal as indoor
plumbing (my 3-year old just asked me to use said indoor plumbing to evict
myself from the house when I pointed out to him that he is doing nothing of
economic value to society). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am no economist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But I do know a little something about batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And I have been known to say stuff like
“there is nothing new in batteries” every time a paper comes out claiming a
breakthrough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was mostly right for a
decade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over the last 2 years, I have
stopped saying that and have <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/10/a-boom-then-bust-and-now-new-equilibrium.html">gotten
to be amazed at the changes</a> in the battery world.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No. No.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m not
talking about the <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/11/a-step-by-step-guide-to-breakthroughs.html">press
releases claiming breakthrough</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Those are still not worth the bytes they are written on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m talking about real changes, like the
dropping prices for Li-ion batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Or the fact that I have stopped counting the number of EVs I
see in my (rather long) daily commute.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>From Nissan’s to BMW’s to Merc’s to Tesla’s, they are pretty much part
of the landscape.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Granted, I do live in
a bubble (the Northern CA area is not exactly representative of the world-at-large),
but it is fascinating to see the penetration of these cars. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But as a low-paid National Lab scientist with a long
commute, I have been unable to make the jump.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Either these cars had very little range (Berkeley, for all its
greenness, does not excel at providing charging) or cost too much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And gushing over a car at the dealership does
not lead to a price reduction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quite the
opposite! <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But prepare to be amazed even more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chevy recently announced the 200 mile Chevy Bolt (not the
same as the Volt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They really should
start calling the car “Chevy Bolt: with a B not a V”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Available sometime next year, it will be a small
to mid -sized 5 passenger crossover with reasonable trunk space.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And Tesla is said to be ready to announce the
Model 3, another 200 mile “less frills” car for the rest of us. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Both the Bolt and the Model 3 are going to be in the mid to
high $30k range.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the tax rebates,
we are talking under $30k.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even I may be
able to afford that!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And 200 miles may
be enough to remove range anxiety for most of us.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And, with all the auto companies starting to agree on putting
the battery at the bottom, space for passengers and for the Costco runs appears
to be in the offing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now, 200 miles is no 350 or 400 miles (typical gasoline car
range).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nor is the price comparable to
gas cars (I suspect that a gas equivalent of Bolt is probably a $20k car), and
tax incentives are probably not to be depended on in the long run, but these
$35k/200 mile EVs are going to be a game changer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And more automakers are promising to go after the 200-mile
target.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a feeling that this is
the sweet spot for the next push for electrification.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With falling Li-ion prices, these cars are going
to get cheaper year after year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I do
think leasing is probably a better idea considering the rapid pace of changes,
not just in batteries, but also in the level of sophistication in the cars. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Granted that there is probably little economic growth in
going EV (I suppose you are substituting from one production type to the other.
And some of the battery cost reduction is coming from automation), but you have
to admit that from a pure technological standpoint it will be good to have something
new for a change on the roads after a century of the same kind of drivetrain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Combine the EV revolution with ubiquitous connectivity and self-driving
technology, we are going to have a LOT of time on our hands to think about
doing something of economic value in the silent cone that is our battery-powered
Uber.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And nothing like boredom to invent
something new to keep ourselves from getting bored.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all, isn’t necessity the mother of all
inventions?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hopefully what we invent
will be of economic value so that we can prove Robert Gordon wrong. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In the meantime, continue to be amazed at the
changes you see on the roads. When my 3
year old went through a (mandatory?) car identification phase he has been known
to say stuff like “Too many Toyota’s”.
Before long, if the trend continues, I think he will be saying “Too many
Tesla’s”. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Venkat </span><!--EndFragment--></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-15196295662077054892016-01-12T09:13:00.004-08:002016-01-12T09:21:26.734-08:00Back by Popular Demand-More Intercalation Chemistry, This Time with Sodium!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Folks: Happy New Year to all.<br />
<br />
As I was off on my merry vacation, I noticed that the popularity of this blog had doubled! And everyone seemed to be reading the post by Marca Doeff, our guest blogger. After a few weeks of soothing by battered ego, I decided that one data point does not a trend make. So we are trying to get another data point today with Marca's next post. enjoy<br />
<br />
Venkat <br />
<br />
<br />
It’s
Marca again, enjoying her highly lucrative new career as substitute blogger for
TWIB! What should I do with all the money I rake in from this gig? Buy a
Tesla?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hmmm, maybe a new <a href="http://www.bmwusa.com/bmw/bmwi/i8" target="_blank">BMW i8</a>-they sure are pretty,
aren’t they? Should I get a blue one or a silver one? Decisions, decisions! [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Editor: Dream on. Get to the point, will
you?</i>]<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ahem, well, okay. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When last we left off, I was describing the
concept of intercalation as it applies to batteries; i.e., when lithium ions insert
into electrode materials. What I didn’t get around to saying is that lots of
other things beside lithium ions can be intercalated into host structures-not
only cations but also neutral species like molecules or polymer chains, and
even sometimes anions (although, as far as I know, oxidative intercalation of
anions only happens with graphite or disordered carbons with graphitic domains).
Even before the lithium-ion battery was officially A Thing, people were having
all sorts of fun sticking stuff between the layers of clays or graphite to make
new materials with interesting properties (I even tried my hand at it <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0WMSovOboY">Back In The Day</a>). For
the nerds among you (you know who you are!), there’s a classic paper by Mildred
Dresselhaus (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus">The
Queen of Carbon Science</a>!) called Intercalation Compounds of Graphite<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
which will tell you just about everything you need to know.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But I digress! At this point, you,
my faithful readers (both of you), are probably tapping your feet impatiently
saying something like “Well, if intercalation isn’t just limited to lithium
ions, couldn’t we base a dual-intercalation battery on something else, like
maybe SODIUM?” Very good! You all get gold stars, my nerdy blog-reading
friends! <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The sodium-ion battery or NIB, is a
subject near and dear to my heart. You see, <s>back when dinosaurs roamed the
earth</s>, in the early 90’s, when lithium-ion batteries were just getting
started, I was playing around with this concept in the lab. <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/chemistry/people/whittingham/whittingham.html">Stan
Whittingham</a> had described not only reversible lithium insertion, but sodium
insertion as well in his early papers on TiS<sub>2</sub>. Scientists like Keld
West in Copenhagen, and T. Richard Jow at the U.S. Army Research Lab were also
publishing work describing some intercalation compounds as possible cathodes
for sodium-based batteries. So, I wasn’t necessarily the very first person to work
on sodium intercalation, but I was definitely an early adopter.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The mad rush by the research
community towards lithium-ion batteries at that time left me practically all by
my lonesome to work on NIBs instead. (What can I say? Either I’ve always been
ahead of my time or I’m hopelessly out of touch, I still haven’t figured out
which). While NIBs, in principle, operate much like lithium-ion batteries, there
are some differences. One is that sodium doesn’t really insert into graphite
(the favorite anode material for lithium-ion batteries), for reasons that are
too complicated to go into here (read Millie’s paper if you want to find out
why!). There is some reversible redox activity with disordered carbons, though,
and I published an early paper on that. I also had a lot of fun working on some
cathode materials, and even patented one with the nominal composition Na<sub>0.44</sub>MnO<sub>2</sub>.
It has a very robust and cool-looking tunnel structure, which cycles sodium
ions in and out very well-and lithium ions, too, if you ion exchange it and put
it in a lithium cell.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBgLfM9WKDFu9M_QnOTT3FHmUiDTO8YDnm1UigZ1rdxH5vB2f3_I77Y-CYaLW-9AIHtZ8DKGRV3xRycRWOMOrtEIiV9i8jNDOdwH35UqFpvXIN7GRHQKg4A0H9OB31K11ajNUne0FNMpW5/s1600/blogpost2figures.001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBgLfM9WKDFu9M_QnOTT3FHmUiDTO8YDnm1UigZ1rdxH5vB2f3_I77Y-CYaLW-9AIHtZ8DKGRV3xRycRWOMOrtEIiV9i8jNDOdwH35UqFpvXIN7GRHQKg4A0H9OB31K11ajNUne0FNMpW5/s1600/blogpost2figures.001.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Tunnel structure of
Na<sub>0.44</sub>MnO<sub>2</sub>, a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The excitement around lithium-ion
batteries soon swallowed me up along with practically everyone else in the
battery world. Almost nothing happened for more than twenty years in NIB
research. Then, starting a few years ago, the field started heating up again. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPDcSlKrKeYuh8LbWACGgntfOj0mYeC0xRhX-H2GWpOPngo9tWrrAIfPbbf7a-kkvxJKW_EZtfgXylDjEixXAkeMrx6XFTtuiz4oKYwpg6nvBC69s8VjHnWnt9BSc4f31JmbPomV83OQne/s1600/blogpost2figures.002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPDcSlKrKeYuh8LbWACGgntfOj0mYeC0xRhX-H2GWpOPngo9tWrrAIfPbbf7a-kkvxJKW_EZtfgXylDjEixXAkeMrx6XFTtuiz4oKYwpg6nvBC69s8VjHnWnt9BSc4f31JmbPomV83OQne/s320/blogpost2figures.002.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Web of Science search
for papers containing the words “sodium ion battery”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What happened around 2012?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, for one thing, lithium-ion batteries
had matured and material scientists were looking around for something new to
do. The battery community was talking a lot about “Beyond Lithium Ion” (which
really meant taking a new look at some old chemistries!) And there were
screaming headlines like this one:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJq96FvzLcxtCp7dpRPnt7awE13uA8vzyK4R_yXncNMkzau3L9U5sC-cxcPRM9SyfhCvuB5XSvNRppQEUr2MJYrzriA4NZKDlHKIHfra8Qxsyn4FI0Dbn_G4pDax9QNWGaN0GpQ-KtLLWn/s1600/blogpost2figures.003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJq96FvzLcxtCp7dpRPnt7awE13uA8vzyK4R_yXncNMkzau3L9U5sC-cxcPRM9SyfhCvuB5XSvNRppQEUr2MJYrzriA4NZKDlHKIHfra8Qxsyn4FI0Dbn_G4pDax9QNWGaN0GpQ-KtLLWn/s640/blogpost2figures.003.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
New York Times,
Monday February 2, 2009.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Now, are we really going to run out
of lithium? Not likely, at least not in the long run. But when you read that
the <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4a924a64-99df-11e5-987b-d6cdef1b205c.html#axzz3wGjrgTp3">Tesla
Gigafactory is projected to need almost half the world’s current annual
production of lithium hydroxide</a>, you gotta wonder if there might be problems
with the supply chain, at least temporarily. It takes time to ramp up
production, after all. It might be wise to have a “Plan B” battery-wise, and
there’s tons more sodium in the world than lithium, TONS. It’s a lot cheaper,
too, plus there are some other cost-saving benefits to sodium systems, like the
fact that you can replace copper current collectors on the anode side with
aluminum because sodium doesn’t alloy with aluminum, whereas lithium does.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Because NIBs are so close
conceptually to lithium-ion batteries, the development time should be shorter
than that of other “Beyond Lithium Ion” systems. We can simply leverage all the
engineering knowledge from the past twenty-five years work on lithium-ion
batteries. All these considerations got some people excited enough to start
companies based on NIBs, like Jerry Barker at <a href="http://www.faradion.co.uk/">Faradion</a>. He’s targeting e-bikes. Then
there is Jay Whitacre, founder of <a href="http://www.aquionenergy.com/">Aquion</a>.
Now there’s a unique concept-a sodium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte,
for grid storage! That system is potentially incredibly cheap, which is especially
important for that application. One of the cathode materials that Aquion uses
is my old friend, Na<sub>0.44</sub>MnO<sub>2</sub>. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
All this new NIB activity means that my old sodium-ion
battery papers, which languished for many years, have started heaping up
citations, sort of like <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/sleeping-beauty-papers-slumber-for-decades-1.17615">Sleeping
Beauty</a>. Sadly, I have to be contented with fame, not fortune, because the
patents expired some time ago. But that’s okay, since I’m raking in the big
bucks here at TWIB instead!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->Marca Doeff</div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Advances in Physics,</i> 2002, Vol. 51, No.
1, 1-186<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-3223014187040590472015-12-08T06:24:00.000-08:002015-12-08T06:24:14.510-08:00A Brief History of Cathodes or, Thinking Positively about Li-ion Batteries<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Guest post by Marca Doeff</div>
<br />
<br />
While Venkat is off <s>trekking the
Himalayas, fighting space aliens, solving world hunger, fixing his Roomba,</s>
on a well-deserved vacation, he has asked me, (moi, Marca Doeff, <s>world famous
battery scientist,</s> lowly lab rat), to whip up a light and fluffy something
to feed the blog. “Fine”, I said, “should I talk about my cats or the movie I
saw last week?” Judging from his response, that’s not what he had in mind (wow,
I didn’t know there were so many cuss words in Tamil!). Instead I concocted
this little history of cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, complete with
pictures (if you want cat stories, you’re going to have to look elsewhere on
the internets).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It all
started around the mid 70’s or so, when <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/chemistry/people/whittingham/whittingham.html">Stan
Whittingham</a> at Exxon announced his newly discovered phenomenon of lithium
ion intercalation into TiS<sub>2</sub>, in a letter to the journal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Science</i>. It turns out that TiS<sub>2</sub>,
which has the layered structure shown below, could be reduced electrochemically
while simultaneously inserting lithium ions between the layers. Better yet,
this process was entirely reversible! Everyone in those days was interested in making
a secondary battery with a lithium metal anode work. That announcement set off
a race in research labs everywhere to look for other intercalation compounds. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXXhvUPZEiMFoCvv653bK-zquCB_mwLfctFWxFdK930-7mTNiTNiVDe1V7btaoXR1e33YxvY7r1XXwj4LfWsdQ0mzRzhUTTeF9n8pwAHINkMZxxIg-q90vMelghGiLujOkMVkz-zqeoDNW/s1600/TIS2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXXhvUPZEiMFoCvv653bK-zquCB_mwLfctFWxFdK930-7mTNiTNiVDe1V7btaoXR1e33YxvY7r1XXwj4LfWsdQ0mzRzhUTTeF9n8pwAHINkMZxxIg-q90vMelghGiLujOkMVkz-zqeoDNW/s320/TIS2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The layered structure
of TiS<sub>2</sub>.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
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In 1980, <a href="http://www.me.utexas.edu/faculty/faculty-directory/goodenough">John
Goodenough</a>, who was then at Oxford, wrote a paper in the Materials Research
Bulletin describing another layered compound, LiCoO<sub>2</sub> or LCO. This
one was made with lithium already in the structure, so it had to be charged up
before you could use it in a battery. The battery companies at the time didn’t
like this, so they said “Goodenough, it’s not good enough!” (haha, be kind to
me, it’s lonely in the lab.) LCO also was pretty oxidizing once you started
taking the lithium ions out, and the electrolytes of the day just couldn’t
handle it. The last laugh was on the battery companies that dissed John
Goodenough, though, because just a few years later, someone figured out how to
make a graphite anode work, and the lithium-ion battery was born, and then
commercialized by Sony in 1991. Having lithium in the cathode structure for
that configuration turned out to be just what was needed, so that you could
assemble the cell in the discharged state and then charge it up. Moreover, by
that time, there were better electrolytes that didn’t fall apart so readily.
The higher potential at which LCO operated compared to TiS<sub>2</sub> was an
asset, not a liability, since it meant higher energy densities in cells.
Batteries with TiS<sub>2</sub> and the problematic lithium anode were out, and
Li-ion batteries with LiCoO<sub>2</sub> cathodes and graphite anodes were in!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnf7LisqkjKbkytfunpzEiZx-4yvWYHTbj7ASU5J63MS5Zmn98w7KRm2Jd9wzSicVGAgQcyhTV6klsbT1JY9YK2C-dH1A5EvDWwZZZBl7oC0FuebpKJfOWOUHoI69TKPBnUp9B-AxNQu8_/s1600/LiCoO2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnf7LisqkjKbkytfunpzEiZx-4yvWYHTbj7ASU5J63MS5Zmn98w7KRm2Jd9wzSicVGAgQcyhTV6klsbT1JY9YK2C-dH1A5EvDWwZZZBl7oC0FuebpKJfOWOUHoI69TKPBnUp9B-AxNQu8_/s320/LiCoO2.jpg" width="245" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> The layered structure of LCO.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The yellow spheres represent lithium ions.</span></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>End of
story? No, that was really just the beginning. Cobalt is awfully expensive and
somewhat scarce. Everyone wanted a cathode that was cheaper with more abundant
elements in it, like iron or manganese or nickel. People like <a href="http://www.dal.ca/diff/dahn.html">Jeff Dahn</a> in Canada, <a href="http://www.cicenergigune.com/en/sobre-energigune/persona/claude-delmas/">Claude
Delmas</a> in France, and Tom Ohzuku in Japan started looking at other layered
compounds with various combinations of nickel and cobalt and manganese in them
and sometimes a soup<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ç</span>on
of aluminum or magnesium. They and many other scientists around the world
fiddled around with the formulas to get the best energy density, safety, and
performance. These layered compounds are often called by their initials, like
NCA (nickel cobalt aluminum) and NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) and are among
the most technologically important cathodes we have today.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
But let’s backtrack a bit. A few
years after LiCoO<sub>2</sub> was discovered, Mike Thackeray, who was living in
South Africa at the time, visited John Goodenough’s lab and started fooling
around with manganese oxides. Only problem was that the compounds he was
looking at weren’t layered but had spinel structures instead. Strictly
speaking, they weren’t intercalation compounds, because “intercalation” really
refers to the insertion of ions between layers, like leaves of a calendar
(“inter”=between and “calation” is related to the word “calendar” from the
Latin word “calends” for the first day of the month). Nevertheless, lithium
ions could be removed from lithium manganese oxide (LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>,
LMO) and inserted back in again through three-dimensional diffusional pathways
in the structure. Nowadays, the use of the term “intercalation” has expanded to
mean insertion of ions not only into layered structures (the original meaning)
but other types of structures as well. I guess if you are a grammar
prescriptivist, this shift of the language is an offense against all that is
good and holy, but if you are a grammar descriptivist like I am, it’s simply a
useful word to use to describe the general phenomenon of ion insertion into all
kinds of structures.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another surprise was the olivine-structured
LiFePO<sub>4</sub> or LFP (Goodenough, again). It wasn’t even electronically
conducting! Most intercalation compounds are mixed conductors; that is, both
ions and electrons can move through the structure, which is necessary for them
to function. A few of them start out nearly electronically insulating, but
become more conductive as they undergo redox (notably, the spinel anode
material Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>). All you have to do is get
the reaction started (say, on particle surfaces) and then it can propagate. In
contrast, what you get when you oxidize LiFePO<sub>4</sub> is another nearly
insulating compound, FePO<sub>4</sub>. To this day, it is somewhat of a mystery
of how and why it works, and scientists spend lots of time dreaming up exotic
experiments to explain its behavior and arguing over what is really happening.
Hey, we have to remain employed somehow!</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5GCYdMvYGmaXZRxC0M_H4fpKnEk87i3c92WgoLFh1qLG2qn-l1tUKbAtO9eIaC7Brgo45MvZZyaY2D-MZPAe-WcbhnanyphKlSJ7XA67bhBpzGgB4a8gw2W1JnpYEnK8RZln2Dp8NUB34/s1600/spinel_olivine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5GCYdMvYGmaXZRxC0M_H4fpKnEk87i3c92WgoLFh1qLG2qn-l1tUKbAtO9eIaC7Brgo45MvZZyaY2D-MZPAe-WcbhnanyphKlSJ7XA67bhBpzGgB4a8gw2W1JnpYEnK8RZln2Dp8NUB34/s640/spinel_olivine.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">On the left, the spinel structure
of LMO and on the right, that of the olivine LFP. The yellow spheres represent
Li ions in the structures.</span></div>
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6002016549730514348" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>It turns out that lots of
structures with transition metals in them can insert lithium ions, even some
that are completely disordered. Of course, the majority of these materials fail
on some metric or other; some of them don’t have high enough capacity or energy
density, some have rare or toxic metals in them, or they do something weird
like dissolve or change their voltage characteristics when they are cycled. Of
the hundreds of compounds that have been studied over the past forty years,
only a few have passed muster. A modified version of LCO is used in consumer
electronic batteries, and, depending on manufacturer, hybrid electric, plug-in
hybrid, and electric vehicle batteries contain LFP, NCA, NMC, LMO, or mixtures
of the last two. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Will something better come along?
It’s hard to beat what we have now, but researchers are still trying. To quote
the immortal Yogi Berra, it’s tough to make predictions, especially about the
future!<br />
<br />
Marca Doeff<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-24366423849384721852015-12-08T06:22:00.000-08:002015-12-08T06:22:18.390-08:00Introducing Marca Doeff<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
As I contemplate the solution to the hype problem in batteries, we have a new blogger who wants to talk about a few real breakthroughs. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://electrochem.lbl.gov/research-groups/doeff-group" target="_blank">Marca Doeff</a> is a Staff Scientist and a colleague at Berkeley Lab. She taught me everything I know about cathode materials and is the person I call when I need to understand something about materials in general. Her own research is focussed on materials for Li-ion batteries, sodium ion batteries, and solid state batteries. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNwCvxdKllV6I8PeIo79f7OQxwRTJ7M2jabbAMUd4CoAL1eY_Oj1seNv3LoXGYAG0bJxs0nAiQ2UzqcqND7WBCBXlUlMp-byY4PgIDaBHhfx2reNs2phwudj6bzd5nIpDJ7dQoJATZVIEp/s1600/doeff-m.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNwCvxdKllV6I8PeIo79f7OQxwRTJ7M2jabbAMUd4CoAL1eY_Oj1seNv3LoXGYAG0bJxs0nAiQ2UzqcqND7WBCBXlUlMp-byY4PgIDaBHhfx2reNs2phwudj6bzd5nIpDJ7dQoJATZVIEp/s320/doeff-m.jpg" width="224" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
She has done some really groundbreaking work in all three areas, including coming with a cathode material that has higher capacity than traditional layered materials, and decreasing the interfacial impedance between ceramic Li-ion conductors and lithium metal. And No! She does not follow my guide to breakthroughs! <br />
<br />
But she is also someone who has been in the thick of cathode development for Li-ion batteries for a long time and has a rich perspective on how we came to where we are today. She is going to condense a 40 year history into a blog post. So, for the first time on TWiB, something useful. <br />
<br />
The researchers she writes about did not follow my guide either when they came up with their breakthroughs! <br />
<br />
So... enjoy<br />
<br />
Venkat </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-41893979852534654222015-12-06T06:33:00.000-08:002015-12-06T06:33:25.478-08:00Waiting for a breakthrough… to solve the breakthrough culture in batteries. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
After my post on the hype in batteries, I had promised my
seven readers that there would be a follow-on post with solutions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, I got to say, this has been a bit of a
problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have been toying with this
question over the Thanksgiving break and don’t have anything profound to say…
yet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I was toying with writing another blog post
lampooning the hype culture!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> But I kind of regret the last post already (one does not make fun on one's own, and all that sentimental stuff) so that did not seem like a good idea. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On top of that I’m off on vacation the coming week to India
and will be gone till the end of the month.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So postings will have to wait till the New Year (although I may post something about batteries in the Indian context. Let us see). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But, TWiB will continue in my absence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have a guest blogger whose post will come
up in the next 2 days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have couple of others
who are also looking at guest blogging. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So you may actually learn something useful for
a change!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the meantime, as I sit on the plane for 24 or 36 or
whatever god-awful number of hours I have to sit on a plane, I shall be
contemplating how we can get all the battery folks to tell us what is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">really<u> </u></i>going on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I typically have one profound thought in a
year, and have not had one yet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So there
is still hope.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Venkat <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-50455617567350108542015-11-17T05:22:00.001-08:002015-11-28T07:06:23.060-08:00A step-by-step guide to battery breakthroughs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
It’s often said that breakthroughs cannot be scheduled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m here to tell you that this is 20<sup>th</sup>
century thinking.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The statement assumes
that the word “breakthrough” is unambiguously defined.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
blog post questions that assumption and provides a step-by-step guide to
achieving a breakthrough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My focus is on
batteries, but with a few tweaks, one could adapt this for other areas
also.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Let me begin by saying that in the last century there was a
feeling that a breakthrough was thought to be when, for example, you discover a
new material for a battery that has, say, higher energy or is safer or
something.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those sorts of breakthroughs then
go through the traditional rigmarole of publications, licensing,
technology transfer, peer appreciation, awards, products and the rest of the
boring stuff that takes 20 years to get settled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the age of Twitter, Facebook, Uber, and, Snapchat,
this kind of time frame is for the folks unwilling to look to new ways of
achieving breakthroughs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you belong
to this “old” club, I suggest you move on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This guide will be of no use to you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But what is a breakthrough anyway?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As far as I know there is no body that
proclaims something a breakthrough (a Pope for science?).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And is there really such a thing as an eureka
moment?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even if you have one, it will be
a year before you can reproduce the experiment and get all the techniques in
place to prove it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And if the
breakthrough is supposed to be a product, it will take you 10 more years to
scale it and make it. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But what if there were a reputable publication that actually
called something a breakthrough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
then this was validated and verified by other publications saying the same
thing?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That appears to be in line with
the scientific method, does it not? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So, for the purposes of moving forward, let us define a breakthrough as just that: It is proclaimed as such by more than one
publication.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also to help us move
forward, publications will be broadly classified as a peer reviewed journal
article, or a newspaper, or a blog, or a tweet etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i.e., as long as the word breakthrough and
your work appear on the World Wide Web somewhere, you are golden.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This guide will help you get there. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A disclaimer:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The results
are only guaranteed if you follow each and every step. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 1:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before you begin the research, try not to
read the literature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The peer-reviewed
literature is full of things that have been tried before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you read them carefully, then what you are
doing will not be new.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember this
mantra (courtesy of NBC when they were promoting reruns in the 90s):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“If you haven’t seen it before, its new to
you”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 2</b>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As you start the research, remember that
facts just get in the way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
literature is full of facts (hence Step 1).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In 1492 everyone thought the world was flat; until Columbus took to the
seas.<sup>1</sup> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then we all thought it
was round, until Tom Friedman proved it was flat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Until The Matrix came out, we thought gravity
was forever binding us to the earth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Breakthroughs happen when these laws are broken and it takes a bold
person to go where no person has gone before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To paraphrase Marsellus Wallace from Pulp Fiction, you may feel a slight
sting every once in a while when it seems like you are violating faraday’s law.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those are the facts f*ing with you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>f*
facts. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 3</b>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now that you have done your due diligence and
ignored everything, it is time to focus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Try to work on a newly-discovered material, or atleast one that has been
forgotten for a while.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is an
important step.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As much as you can go
after Steps 1 and 2, the more studied the material, the harder it is to prove to
yourself that you are violating all the well-known laws because you are
charting a new path rather than screwing up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It’s so much easier to believe this if it’s a brand new material.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graphene is good (not as a battery material,
but remember Step 2). So are fullerenes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(granted they are old, but it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seems</i>
like its time to revisit them).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graphite,
on the other hand, could be bad; unless you plan to use it in a new way; in
which case it can be good. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lithium metal
is ALWAYS good; but if you go this route you really need to get religion on
Steps 1 and 2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 4:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As you start getting data on the new
invention, revisit Step 2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Revisit it
often, especially when you feel down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 5:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Time to start writing the paper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Always state that your invention is better
than Li-ion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only way to get anyone excited
is to say that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may sound hard, but
it is not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are many metrics that
need to be satisfied for a battery, including, energy, power, charge time,
cost, life, safety, low temperature and high temperature stability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you think that you have something that
looks better in any one of these, you are doing better than Li-ion. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cost is the easy one if all else fails.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can always safely say something like “our
preliminary cost estimates suggest that the battery will cost less than something-small/kWh”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other end of the spectrum is energy, which is
the hardest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you go down this path
you really need Step 6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 6:</b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Always confuse energy with power.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s completely appropriate to say “Our pixie
dust battery can discharge a factor of 10 faster than Li-ion, therefore EVs based
on pixie dust have a longer driving range comparable to Li-ion EVs”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or “our batteries can be charged in 5 minutes,
providing more energy than any battery known to man or aliens. On a separate
note, we only seem to get one cycle from our battery; we think this has
something to do with aliens”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 7</b>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The paper is ready and it is time to
submit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Never send the paper to a
journal that specializes in publishing papers in batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will get your paper into the hands of
traditional battery-types who remember past history, know what works and what
does not, and have a strong scientific foundation in the field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such knowledge can be an impediment to your
out-of-the-box thinking.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember Step
2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Always choose a journal that is
disconnected from the battery field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 8:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the paper coming out, it is time to
prepare for a press release.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember
that the press wants to hear that this is a breakthrough. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So
despite what the peer-reviewed paper proves, make sure you call it a
breakthrough at the press release.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Remember that Steve Jobs did not really have a working iPhone when he announced
it to the world, and declared that they would ship in 6 months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If it is good enough for Steve, I’m sure it
is good enough for you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So don’t be shy
in telling the press how great your battery will be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Make sure that you give interviews to
numerous publications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember our
definition of a breakthrough:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>you need
multiple publications to say it is one. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So target many outlets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 9:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The day has arrived; the publications are
out; and you have spend the better part of the day googling yourself to see how
far the word has spread.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the day
when you may hear skepticism (some contained within the articles and others in
emails addressed to you).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember Step
2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remind yourself that the iPhone had
many critics (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">e.g, </i>the proximity
sensor will not work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Who would want to
surf the web on a phone anyway? Atleast they got the first problem right!).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If it worked out for Steve Jobs, then it
could work out for you too.<span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 10:</b> Remember
“Practice makes perfect”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So go back to
Step 1 and repeat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All the best.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Venkat <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now, you may
search Wikipedia, or read some articles that claim that the earth was known to
be round since before the Common Era.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But that
is because you are reading the literature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Did we not drill into you in Step 1 that this was bad!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now stop looking up stuff and get with the
program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-59170304326844213472015-11-10T04:52:00.001-08:002015-11-10T04:52:22.304-08:00Developing a roadmap for energy storage deployment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In my post titled “<a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/10/a-boom-then-bust-and-now-new-equilibrium.html">A
boom. Then a bust. And now, a new equilibrium?</a>” I had argued that this was
a very unique time in batteries. My
opinion is that there are two fundamental trends that we need to pay attention
to:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="line-height: normal;">1. </span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Batteries are getting increasingly deployed,
both in vehicles and on the grid, despite high costs. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Costs of batteries are coming down.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Typically, costs fall at 5-6% per year.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">With the present push by the big companies,
costs are expected to come down by a factor of two within the next 5
years.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Let us talk about the first trend:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have always had batteries in phones and
laptops, but in the last few years, they have come on their own in bigger
applications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And this is despite the
higher costs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Nissan has decided to commercialize a cheaper car with less battery (and, consequently, less range), while Tesla makes a big car with a big battery to kill range
anxiety (but adding wallet anxiety?).</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Utilities all across this country are deciding to install
storage on the grid to learn more about how they work and how to monetize them,
while home-owners with a green thumb (and a wallet to match) are thinking about
how to stick it to the big guy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">All this means that we are learning, everyday, about how the
batteries are working in the real world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Do they cycle well?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How does the
fade change with temperature?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Are we
going to get our money back if we buy a battery <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">versus</i> building a transmission line?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And what is the actual cost of the Tesla Powerwall
per kWh once you add the invertor and pay for the labor?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">This is great for everyone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Deployment will be the key to figuring out what works and what does not.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">And this trend will only increase with the second trend of
decreasing costs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many more will decide
to go for an EV and install batteries with solar panels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We will plug the EVs on the grid to try to
learn if they can help pay for the costs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We will plug them in all at the same time and
we will know how the grid will react.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">But reality is that batteries will still be expensive, maybe
a factor of two more than where they need to be. They will still have less life
than solar panels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And less energy than
gasoline.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And will be less safe than
Niagara falls (well… I suppose that depends on how hard you want to kill
yourself!).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We will need new systems to
satisfy these gaps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">But new systems will require time and money to reach the
market.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both of which become scarce
commodities when big players are cutting the costs of Li-ion batteries dramatically.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">This was the context for the day when more than 200 of us
met at the 2015 Bay Area Battery Summit on Nov 3 at Berkeley Lab.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a great day with insightful talks and
panels, wonderful hallway conversations with thoughts leader from academia and National
Labs, industry, and policy makers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The main theme was to explore the interplay between
technological innovations in batteries; the changing market, and the role
policy can play in accelerating deployment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">I thought I would use this blog as a way to list a few key
discussion points that I heard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
are fodder for future blog posts, so I will keep them short.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Storage resembles the solar market in the late
2000’s.</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">But there are differences (and
significant ones at that).</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">What can we
learn from solar?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">- What does the equivalent of the California Solar
Initiative look like for storage?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="line-height: normal;">- </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">If reality is that the battery has to do more
than one thing for it to be cost effective on the grid, what are those low-hanging
use cases? And how can we get policy to align with this reality?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">- What is the balance between deploying what we already
have </span><i style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">versus</i><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"> finding new things that
can solve the cost, life, energy and/or safety challenges?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">- If we do find something new, the reality is that
we need 10 years and $300M to get it to market.</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">And on Day 1, the price of that battery will be huge!</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">How do these technologies compete with an
existing technology where depreciation is already in play?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">- How do we solve the conundrum that end users
want to see data on a real system, while most startups can only make a few
small cells?</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Should someone in the midst of starting a battery
company attempt to stay within the Li-ion manufacturing framework (to ensure
that the big players buy them out)?</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">How
can they try to disrupt the existing players and avoid the risk not being to
get to scale?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">- What are the role of the Federal and State
governments, and the role of Universities and National Labs in ensuring that we
have a portfolio of technologies in the market?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">- And, the impossible problem: How do you get
battery companies (and researchers) to stop overhyping what they do?</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Funny enough, I was writing a blog post about
this last week, but got distracted by the event.</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -0.25in;">Will get back to that next week.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">As you can see, a VERY busy day with very deep
conversations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over the next 2 months we will be consolidating
the answers to these questions and providing a roadmap for ensuring success in
the battery space. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the speakers (who, in the interest of fairness, will
not be named) felt that batteries were somewhere around the “peak of inflated
expectations” in the hype cycle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resetting
expectations and doubling down on innovation and deployment will be crucial in
moving towards productivity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">But first, we need to talk about (and address) the problem
of hype in batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will be the
subject of my next couple of blog posts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Stay tuned.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Venkat </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-16474691051530524532015-11-08T10:20:00.003-08:002015-11-08T10:21:30.972-08:00Batteries at the cusp of a revolution?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I'm almost done with my next blog. Will post it tomorrow. In the meantime, I wrote an op-ed on Greenbiz titled "Is battery technology finally at the cusp of a revolution?". See https://www.greenbiz.com/article/battery-technology-finally-cusp-revolution<br />
Check it out.<br />
<br />
I was plugging the Bay Area Battery Summit in the op-ed. Now that was a fantastic event. Stay tuned for my blog post on the meeting (tomorrow).<br />
<br />
Got to see a LOT of my colleagues from the battery industry. That was fun! <br />
<br />
Here is a shot from the event with the BMW i8 that the good folks from BMW brought in for us to see. You can also see a fuel cell Hyundai behind it.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-fF3Tn2o5kvpTgF0y3sC5tMYFZMylRehI8ao-oSRYMAhoSzsocOKHYue_ibBFogh_m6Cvy_juceSriI1HH3fzSjDxbuyjo8cREB36ao_jaHET1Z8hyphenhyphenItGjoeMg23N9ZeWZFH1nxYnT6al/s1600/XBD201511-00440-060.TIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="427" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-fF3Tn2o5kvpTgF0y3sC5tMYFZMylRehI8ao-oSRYMAhoSzsocOKHYue_ibBFogh_m6Cvy_juceSriI1HH3fzSjDxbuyjo8cREB36ao_jaHET1Z8hyphenhyphenItGjoeMg23N9ZeWZFH1nxYnT6al/s640/XBD201511-00440-060.TIF" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Venkat </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-40054502778591036482015-10-27T05:01:00.000-07:002015-10-27T05:01:02.357-07:00The Hero with four faces: Part 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this post we continue looking at the best-known battery
chemistry for each of four metrics of importance:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>energy density, charge time, life, and cost, aka, a
“Hero” battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/10/the-hero-with-four-faces-part-1.html">In
Part 1</a>, we looked at energy density and charge time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today, we will look at cycle/calendar life
and cost. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And oh… there really is another metric that is also
important (arguably more important!): safety.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> I talk about this metric at the end. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The cycle/calendar-life
Hero:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Many battery people will argue
that the Edison battery (yes, that Edison) is the Hero for cycle and calendar
(or shelf) life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And rightfully so. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have a different Hero in mind, but, I can
see why others think of the Edison battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I have heard that there are 30-year old batteries that still work!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And they cycle thousands of times, even tens
of thousands of times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Family heirloom, anyone?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Edison battery has a nickel hydroxide positive electrode
(or, as battery people have been calling of late, cathode) and an iron negative
electrode.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The positive electrode
undergoes intercalation of protons, which I like (If you want to know why, read
“<a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/08/brief-history-of-batteries-part-1.html">A
Brief History of batteries-Part 1</a> and while you are at it, read <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/09/brief-history-of-batteries-part-2.html">Part
2 also</a>); it undergoes no disruptive structural change, although there is lattice
expansion that occurs due to the co-intercalation of the water and potassium
ions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a side reaction wherein
oxygen is evolved throughout the charge/discharge cycle, but, for reasons that
I will get into soon, this is not an issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This electrode is virtually indestructible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The iron electrode undergoes a reaction by which the metal
anode reacts with the electrolyte to form an hydroxide layer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lithium batteries have a similar reaction, by
the way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Li metal reacts with the
solvent and forms a layer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Except that
the layer is not reversible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Luckily,
the iron hydroxide is very reversible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So much so, that we can cycle it thousands of times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So why are we all not taking to our lawyers about changing
our living will to bequeath a nickel-iron battery to our children?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For one, the energy density is kind of
low.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Very low!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At 25 Wh/kg, capacitors start looking
interesting! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a second
problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The battery requires regular topping
off with water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every. Week. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Similar to the old lead-acid batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The positive electrode of the lead-acid
battery evolves oxygen during operation (so does the nickel-metal hydride battery).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The oxygen comes from water
electrolysis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any oxygen that is
released is removed from the battery <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">via</i>
the vents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few weeks of this and the
water level decreases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hence we fill in deionized
water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Obviously, everyone hated the tedium of opening the hood,
opening the vent, checking the density, and adding water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When I could be using those precious 3
minutes to watch Gotham instead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The humanity!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(well.. ok, there are some corrosive chemicals to deal with, so don’t
try this at home).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In lead-acid (and in the nickel-metal hydride battery) we
solved this issue by “sealing” the battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This forces the evolved oxygen to migrate to the negative electrode and
recombine to form water again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ergo,
oxygen comes out, but nothing is lost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Except
electrons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The battery self-discharges, but
no capacity fade is observed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Why does this not apply to the Ni-Fe battery?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because the iron electrode also breaks down
the water and evolves hydrogen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hydrogen, unfortunately, does not recombine (at least not in any
appreciable amount). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So any hydrogen
coming out is lost through a vent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So
the water will dry up and you will be missing 3 vital minutes of insert-favorite-activity-here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So what do you do with a low-energy density battery that
requires constant babying?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You keep it
in the basement and bequeath it to you children and hope they forget that you
really have nothing of value left.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Or you use it to learn some lessons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like, intercalation is good.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or side reactions (like oxygen evolution) are
ok, if they can be reversed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or making layers
(like hydroxide) is perfectly fine, if said layers are reversible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or, water-based systems are very forgiving,
and they can be maintained very easily.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Are the problems in the Ni-Fe un-solvable?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I actually think they are not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other systems, like the zinc electrode, have
had similar gassing issues and folks found that mercury was effective in poisoning
the hydrogen evolution reaction (in addition to poisoning a few other things). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Or maybe we can automate the watering system (a battery-drip-irrigation
system anyone?). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Despite this, I don’t consider Ni-Fe to be the Hero because
this system is not that practical, atleast as we know it today. My Hero is a
chemistry that is close enough to the Ni-Fe system. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is the Ni-hydrogen battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is the battery in the Hubble Space Telescope.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Launched in 1990, the battery operated in
space for 19 years after which it was changed during service mission 4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These batteries cycle 20,000 times when
cycled at 50-60% of its full capacity and have an energy density of 75 Wh/kg;
close to other nickel-based batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now
that sounds like a Hero to me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So why does it cycle so well?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The positive electrode is the same nickel
electrode that I like so much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
negative is an electrode that evolves hydrogen on charge and recombines to form
water on discharge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wait… did we not just conclude that making hydrogen is
bad?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like seven paragraphs ago.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contradiction much?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In my defense, I only contradict myself between posts, not
within posts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the Ni-hydrogen cell someone really made lemonade out of
that lemon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They decide to use the
gassing reaction as the reaction to store energy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But then, the question is: How do we store
the gas?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Therein lies the genius of the design: The battery sits
inside a pressure vessel. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the
battery charges, the pressure builds inside the pressure vessel, but it stays
inside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are no side
reactions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When you discharge it reacts
right back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The nickel electrode still
has the oxygen side reaction, but this stays within the pressure vessel and
recombines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nothing is lost. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like I said, genius.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of all the innovations in batteries I have
seen and read about, this is the one that I’m still impressed by.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If only we could get our Li-ion batteries to cycle the way
of these older systems. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All seven readers of this blog know that there must be a
catch with this chemistry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this case,
it is cost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adding the pressure vessel
does not help.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t have any hard
numbers, but I’m told it is several thousands of dollars a kWh. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Which bring me to…<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Cost hero</b>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is a hard one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But let me start with a few irrefutable facts:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">All battery companies will drive cost to less
than $100/kWh sometime in the future, irrespective of the chemistry. </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">But, what if the battery is made purely of
gold, you ask?</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Trust me, it will still cost
less than $100/kWh.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">This price will drop to
whatever-the-number-needs-to-be, to be less than or equal to whatever-is-claimed-by-competing-companies. </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">The actual math behind the claims will be guarded
in a fashion that would make the CIA proud and will consist of various confusing
assumptions related to cost of materials, cost vs. price, claims about cycle
life, assumptions about Indians dumping the gold hidden in their mattresses
etc.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span> </li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now that we have settled on that, let us talk about cost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One can define cost a few different ways: Either the capital
cost of the battery or as a cost per cycle (or charge passed) over the life of
the battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cost drops with scale of
manufacturing (think, Tesla’s Gigafactory) and as this scale increases the cost
of materials starts to dominate the overall cost of the battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Packs cost more than the cell, but as the
chemistry gets more complicated (read, Li-ion) the pack costs are significantly
higher than cell costs compared to simpler chemistries (read, lead-acid).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And then there is cost and price.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How is one to define a Hero, far less
identify one? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The cheapest battery one can buy is the lead-acid battery
which costs anywhere from $80/kWh to $150/KWh (and more, depending on the complexity
of the system).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, the cost
and the cycling go hand-in-hand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So
deep-cycle batteries cost more than backup-power batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And how long would a deep-cycle lead-acid battery last?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 8 years and one thousand cycles that some
companies promise, or the 5 years and a few hundred cycles that most seem to
get?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Too many variables to make a judgment.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then there is the Li-ion battery where the cost is expected
to drop and we are not sure where it will end up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three
different cost estimates suggest that the costs will hover somewhere between
$170-220/kWh at the system level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So
twice the cost of the lead-acid, but with twice the life?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Assuming that the predicted cost reduction
pans out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And will lead-acid also drop
in the same time?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Probably.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Considering where Li-ion battery costs are today (at
$350/kWh or more), one could call the lead-acid battery the Hero. But let us
wait for 5 more years and revisit this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We are living in a very interesting time indeed!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So let us forget about identifying Hero’s and let us get
down to things we can learn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It helps to have cheap materials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Things like zinc, carbon and manganese are
good.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lanthanum-nickel alloy and cobalt
oxide, not so much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But we cannot get too carried away with this either.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of the cheapest batteries, from a
materials perspective, should be the sodium-sulfur chemistry (the cost of these
two materials would in the cents/kWh range).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But to actually make the sodium and sulfur work in a battery setting
requires solid conductors and high temperature operation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The final cost: $400/kWh or more!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It helps to have aqueous systems: the manufacturing is simple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No need for dry rooms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And there is a certain amount of system-level
advantages to be gained when complex pack designs and battery management
systems can be avoided.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So lead-acid-like
design and manufacturing would help. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But cost is really cost per unit of energy ($/kWh).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So low energy systems don’t help.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Li-ion stands a gain because of this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the advantage of Li-ion (the high voltage
compared to aqueous systems) is also the reason we need equipment with high cap.
ex.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If you did not know this already, there is no free
lunch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These are the four Hero’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each metric has a different Hero (lithium thionyl chloride, lithium
titanate, nickel-hydrogen, and lead-acid).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>High energy requires high voltage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This tends to kill the charging capability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you want life, it is best to have
reversible side reactions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And cost…
what can I say about that one!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hold on a second!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clearly
I’m not addressing the elephant in the room.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The one problem that I really ought to be providing insights about and
identifying a Hero for: safety.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A Safety Hero?</b> Well…
If you thought cost was hard, safety is even worse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Batteries are energy storage devices where the
oxidizing and reducing chemicals are stored <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">right</i>
next to each other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So asking me to
identify a safety Hero is like asking which one of the unsavory characters in
Pulp Fiction is the good one (The Wolf? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Haven’t <i>you</i> told your best buddies that you
would help them move a dead body?)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I would have said that any system that does not have a
flammable electrolyte would help.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
the lead-acid fire at the wind farm at Kahuku, HI would make that sentence a
bit hollow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clearly, if you work hard at
it, any battery can go up in flames! <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Having said that, we have been using batteries day in and
day out for a long time without anything bad happening, so one can learn some
lessons from it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Clearly flammable electrolytes don’t help.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Materials that can result in exothermic
reaction don’t help.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bigger the amount
of chemicals next to each other, bigger the risk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So flow batteries will be inherently safer
than contained batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If you ask me for a ranking, Li-ion would be the worst;
aqueous chemistries are MUCH better; flow batteries would be the safest.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But safety is not just about fires.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many flow devices have toxic and corrosive
chemicals in them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These devices have to
be contained. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What this all means is that a lot depends on the battery company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If care is taken to make the battery safe,
they can be made safe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But that costs
money.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Companies that pay attention to
this and spend the money to do it will find ways to keep the battery safe. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Summary</b>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So what do our four (or five) Heroes teach us?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That buying a battery is like buying a house;
you have to compromise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Remember the Third law of batteries from my blog post <a href="https://gigaom.com/2011/03/18/the-three-laws-of-batteries-and-a-bonus-zeroth-law/">The
Three Laws of Batteries (and a Bonus Zeroth Law)</a>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Of the four metrics that batteries are
graded on for a given application (i.e. performance, cost, life, and safety),
typically, only two can be simultaneously achieved. If the battery is designed
to also perform satisfactorily on a third metric, it will fail spectacularly on
the fourth.” <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
That about sums up the dilemma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Venkat <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-80623724000848468462015-10-24T11:55:00.000-07:002015-10-24T11:55:05.614-07:00All you wanted to know about batteries. In 140 characters. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I'm working on Part 2 of the Hero blog post. Hope to finish that over the weekend. But in the meantime, I went on twitter for the first time (I've had an account for a while, but never posted on it) for a chat related to batteries. The good folks at LBNL made a compilation of it. <a href="https://storify.com/berkeleylab/battery-tech-twitter-chat-with-venkat-srinivasan" target="_blank">You can find that here</a>. <br />
<br />
<br />
Not sure I like the 140 character limit. Seems to not leave much room for nuances. But I suppose it is great for quick thoughts.<br />
<br />
Venkat </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-54048312111949994722015-10-20T03:30:00.000-07:002015-10-20T03:45:23.233-07:00The Hero with four faces: Part 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
A few years ago, when I visited a battery company with a few
colleagues, I saw data from the company that was pretty impressive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Slide 1 showed the rate capability of the
battery, which was better than the state-of-the-art; Slide 2 was a calculation
of the energy density, which was better than the baseline; slide 3 was cycle
life and this too looked impressive; slide 4 was…<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You get the drill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Suitably impressed, I came out wondering what I needed to
polish in my resume to land a job at the company before they went public… when
my travelling companion wondered aloud if each slide was from a different
battery!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My colleague had a
point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most (not all) battery
chemistries can be made to perform well for a particular metric.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The trick is getting all the metrics to work
out for the same battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Make the electrodes thin to get power; make them thick to increase
energy (but at the loss of power).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Increase the voltage to increase the energy, but at the loss of cycle
life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The endless games one can
play.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This dependence of battery design,
cycling conditions, voltage of operation, etc. on performance is the reason
battery companies have been getting away with obfuscation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But is it really obfuscation?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A proof-of-concept can be a useful learning
tool.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If going to high voltages yields
more energy but kills the cycle life, while we know that the voltages being
accessed should be possible, then it gives us hope that the problem is not
fundamental and that a solution exists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Given
time, maybe we will find it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then again, we have been looking for a cure for baldness for
ages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is proof that baldness is
not fundamental (after all, some are oh so lucky), but that does not mean we
will find the answer to that problem either. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But there is merit in learning about what the best possible
system is and understanding why it is the best.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To this end, I thought I would list out the best-known (at least to me) battery
chemistry for each of four metrics of importance: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>energy, charge time, life, and cost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each would be a “Hero” battery; a term
borrowed from other technology areas to denote a proof-on-concept that
something amazing is possible for that metric.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While each metric has a different “Hero” battery there are probably
lessons we can learn from them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
lessons, I summarize in the end. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The energy-density Hero</b>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All seven readers of my blog know that Li-ion
batteries are the highest energy density secondary batteries one can buy, with
energy density in the range of 250 Wh/kg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But the Hero is actually the Li-thionyl chloride battery, which has an
energy density of 550 Wh/kg and is, more importantly, commercially available.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The catch is that it is a primary battery
(i.e., not rechargeable).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What gives?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Typical Li-ion cells have a graphite anode.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Moving from graphite to Li metal (which holds
ten times the charge and results in a slightly higher voltage) bumps the energy
by 50% without changing anything.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On top
of that, the thionly chloride cathode has a capacity of 450 mAh/g compared to
180 mAh/g for typical Li-ion cathodes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Combine the two and you get something much better than Li-ion. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Imagine a battery with 2x the energy density.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maybe we double the range of a Nissan Leaf,
making it a car that is actually useful (joking, joking, all you Leaf lovers)
for the same cost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or cut the cost of
the Tesla battery by half without sacrificing range, bringing it tantalizing closer
to the point where everyone can continue to not be able to afford it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unfortunately, all these will not come to pass because the Li
anode does not recharge gracefully while the thionly chloride cathode is not at
all rechargeable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you want to know
why, you have to read my blog post titled “<a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/08/brief-history-of-batteries-part-1.html">A
Brief History of Batteries- Part 1</a>” and “<a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/09/brief-history-of-batteries-part-2.html">A
Brief History of Batteries- Part 2</a>”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Frankly, everything you need to know about batteries is probably hidden
somewhere in these pages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To make it rechargeable, you just need to change the anode,
the cathode, and the electrolyte (i.e., all the three components that make a
battery).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When you do that, the battery
now cycles a lot better, but at the loss of capacity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So is 550 Wh/kg the ceiling?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a lab demonstration
of a 750 Wh/kg Li-air primary battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This would be a record for energy density.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But as I have alluded to in the past, a one-off
lab demonstration does not a product make.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So, for now, we shall call 550 Wh/kg the Hero for energy density.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As an aside, the <a href="https://gigaom.com/2011/04/27/a-battery-that-breathes-air-too-good-to-be-true/">Li-air
battery also does not cycle</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reversibility restricts us to certain materials; a
constraint when removed, allows high energy density batteries to be made.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An interesting question to ponder: Is it possible to get
batteries that are rechargeable and at least as high in energy as these Hero’s?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The fast-charge Hero:
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>One of my funnier blog post was titled
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2011/02/ill-be-back-in-8-hours.html">I’ll
be back…in 8 hours</a>”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That post had
nothing to do with charging times (then again, this blog is like Seinfeld; its
about nothing, as far as I can tell) but the title articulates the
problem:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We tend to want to charge our
batteries very slowly. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charge them too fast and we have unwanted side reactions
(lithium plating and electrolyte breakdown) that can degrade the battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1h charge is doable, 30 mins makes it degrade
a bit; 10 mins a lot more; 1 min would basically kill the battery (and kill you
from the fire that is creates).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is true for most batteries, but it is not fundamental.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meaning, there is no law that says that we
cannot charge a battery fast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One can
design the battery for fast charge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
the compromise is loss of energy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How fast do we really need to charge?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For an electric car, a really smart person (who
shall not be named) told me that we needed to charge within the time frame of a
restroom break.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another smart person
told me that we needed the battery to charge and discharge fully within the
time frame of clouds covering a solar panel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After a few experiments timing myself on restroom breaks and watching
clouds move (I plan to watch grass grow next) we can approximate the charging
time needs as 5 minutes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What can I say:
I was having an Austin-Powers-just-got-out-of-hibernation moment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The question of the grid actually handling this kind of
electricity load is a whole other area of debate, but let us focus on the
battery for a second. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Electrochemical capacitors can easily charge this fast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But they have no energy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Question is: Is there a battery chemistry
that can mimic a capacitor’s charge rate?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was one system that was kind-of-sort of commercialized
that I would consider the Hero in this regard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This was the Toshiba Super Charge battery, which is rated to charge to 80%
capacity in 6 minutes and more than 95% in 10 mins! <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here the anode (lithium titanate) operates at a higher
voltage than the typically used graphite anode. This helps because the
potential of the anode is far away from the lithium plating potential.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This makes it much easier to charge fast and
not worry about plating lithium, shorting, and the ensuing degradation and
possible fires. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But the downside is that the higher anode voltage decreases
the overall cell voltage, which in-turn deceases the energy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The battery has a third of the energy density
of a typical Li-ion cell (so a third the driving range). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At 90 Wh/kg and 177 Wh/l at the cell level, it
is far, far lower than most Li-ion batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cost of these devices scales with the energy:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this battery will probably cost three times a
typical Li-ion cell! <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So… an ideal EV battery for the
super-rich-with-overactive-bladder demographic?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Question is: can we get both high energy and fast charge? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If we want to get there I believe we cannot use thick porous
electrodes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While they are great to
spread the current, it seems impossible to get away from the electrolyte losses
of these highly-resistive organic electrolytes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Which means that we cannot have thick bulky current collectors and separators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But then how do we collect the current
(especially if the currents are high, which seems likely with fast charge
batteries)? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Should we move to electrodes that are not porous?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This limits the useable energy, unless we use
electrodes that undergo deposition. One can continue to deposit the metal on
top of itself and so “build” capacity, without the added losses from the porous
structure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may be an avenue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My suspicion is that even if we find ways for the electrodes
to accept the charge at that rate, the electrolytes in lithium-based batteries
will not have the ability to move ions from one side to the other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unless we move toward much thinner
separators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This topic requires some careful thinking. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But let us revisit the question: how fast do we really need
to charge?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If we can ensure we have a 400-mile range battery, this
should translate to an approximately 5-6 hour driving time (at 70-80 mph).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then we may be willing to wait a half hour to
charge the battery as we make a beeline to our favorite artery-clogging fast
food joint.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For the grid, if we can use the battery to not just take
care of the intermittency, but also to time-shift from peak to off-peak, we can
size the battery for the time shift and use the (big) battery for handling the
small 5-min intermittency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each 5-min
charge and discharge would only require the battery to swing by a few percent:
easily possible with most systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The catch: both of these would require us to pay for the
bigger battery!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But hey, <a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2015/10/a-boom-then-bust-and-now-new-equilibrium.html">batteries
are getting so cheap</a>, and companies are going to give us money when they
hand us the battery anyway.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The cycle/calendar-life
Hero</b>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I know what you are thinking:
there is no such thing as a cycle-life Hero!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After all, every battery we own seems to last all of 1-2 years before
they crap out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You must be thinking
that our Hero must be a 3-year life battery.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What if I told you there are batteries that last 20, even
30+ years and they cycle 20,000 times (no error there, really meant to have
four zero’s)?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And what if I told you
that these batteries are not the hybrid car batteries that cycle 3-5% per cycle
but are cycled deep, greater than 50% of the capacity per cycle?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And that they are (at least they were) being
used day in and day out?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Imagine batteries that last as long as a solar panel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imagine being able to cycle them once a day
and make them last those full 20 years with no maintenance. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Intrigued?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Come back
next week and you shall learn more. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Venkat <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">p.s. the title of this post is inspired by the
Joseph Campbell book “The hero with a thousand faces.” Campbell was trying to point out that all the
world’s myths, across religions, shared a Hero figure with similar
characteristics. We will see next week
that in batteries there is no one Hero. We
basically have four Hero’s with four faces. </span><!--EndFragment--></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-18562292440134586262015-10-12T18:32:00.000-07:002015-10-12T18:32:35.178-07:00How many watch batteries does it take to drive a car?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Apparently the Apple watch has a battery in it. What the
what! And here I thought that crown thingy was for winding the little sucker. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That was one embarrassing scene at the Apple
store when I tried to pull the crown (on the gold one, no less) to wind
it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Skeuomorphism much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jokes aside, when iFixit opened up the watch, I was fully
expecting it to be 90% battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Surprisingly it is not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">only</i>
occupies 50% of the space (all us battery types are the glass-half-full
kind).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Obviously a smaller battery would
help make this into a little less of a hulk on the wrist, but clearly Apple has
made a compromise: balancing bulk, functionality, and battery life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We have come to expect nothing but less from our battery (!).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But why can’t the electronics guys figure out
how to shrink the taptic engine, the chips, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We need to get them to pull their
weight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
More than the actual volume of the cell (or the capacity)
the energy density tells a more interesting story. The apple watch has an
energy density of 450 Wh/l, while typical cell phone energy density is approaching
650 Wh/l.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A whooping 40% more: imagine
how many more twitter messages you can get before you have to recharge the
watch if they had incorporated the better battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So what gives?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In any battery, the packaging takes up significant space and
adds unwanted weight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You need tabs to
pull the current out; you need a pouch made of plastic with embedded metal to
keep the battery in (and you so want the battery to stay in, especially when
you know what goes into them!) and the moisture, oxygen etc. out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The pouch has to be sealed and so you have a
seal line that adds volume, and so on and so forth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As the size gets smaller, it is harder and harder to keep
the ratio of the packaging to that of the actual active ingredients in the
battery the same.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meaning, there is a
critical size below which one cannot get a proper seal, there is a thickness of
the pouch below which one cannot guarantee that they will be impervious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All this leads to a bigger and bigger
fraction going toward the packaging, as the battery gets smaller.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ergo, lower energy density.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is kind-of sort-of the problem I was talking about in
my post titled “<a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/06/in-batteries-221-actually-more-like-12.html">In
batteries, 2+2=1. Actually more like 1/2. Well... maybe a bit less</a>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In that post I was referring to the problem
of needing extra weight and volume for the current collectors, separators etc.,
the penalty this imposes, and the difficulty of dramatically improving the
energy density of batteries using new materials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the same issue comes to play when you go
to smaller devices with the packaging being the driver.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now imagine going down in size even further, to, say, a
contact-lens glucose-sensor that Google (or is it Alphabet now?) is
developing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How does one integrate a
typical battery into that?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(make an eye
patch and go for the pirate look?)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Which is why Google is going for some sort of wireless power
delivery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As we start moving toward the world of ubiquitous sensing, the
internet of things, and the “quantified self” (and other buzz words that I may
have forgotten) where we will measure, and broadcast, how many times we cough
in a day, what germs we eject when we do, how many of our neighbors are
infected by those germs, and when and where the CDC should come pick us up when
the germs reach epidemic proportions, the problem of smaller batteries with
more energy density is only going to get more serious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So how can we change this?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Clearly we need to think about other form-factors and
chemistries that don’t have the same strong dependence of size on energy
density.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thin film and solid state are buzzwords
you probably have heard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">could</i> be applicable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One can imagine thinner packaging materials,
encapsulated cells versus cells with thick seal lines, stacked cells versus jellyrolls
etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are few ideas like that out
there that look interesting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But they
are still in early stages and a lot of data is needed for them to be proven
out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This area is ripe for innovation
and we are going to see some cool things in the next 2-5 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The problem is that what we see is typically an one-off
demonstration that show that one can make a small device, but there is no way
to know if they can be mass-manufactured at a scale where they will have an
impact and at a cost that someone will be willing to pay for it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Solid-state batteries have been around for decades.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But they have never been cost effective to
manufacture using the expensive deposition techniques that only make sense as a
demonstration of what is possible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
capex would be massive and the yield unproven.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Not a good sign for a mass-market product like a watch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Which brings me to the next interesting aspect about the
Apple Watch: the cost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No. Not the cost of the gold one (although, the one on
display at the Stoneridge Mall with the slightly deformed crown may be
available on the cheap).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We can all agree that when it comes to Apple, cost and price
are two <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">very</i> different things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There have been teardowns of the Apple Watch
that suggest that it costs $84 to make.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Others disagree, and argue that for new technologies the cost will be
higher. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t have a view one way or
another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The cost of the battery in the watch, according to these
teardowns, is 80 cents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes, you read
that right, 80 cents!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Except for the
gold watch where the whole battery is made of gold?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Incidentally, turns out that gold can be used
as an expensive, and pretty bad, anode material.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The energy of the 38 mm watch is 0.78 Wh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At a cost of $0.80 a pop this comes to a $1000/kWh
battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kind of expensive compared to
most cell phone batteries, but inline with what one would expect for these small
devices made for a niche low-volume application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And oh boy!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Are those
volumes low! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rumor has it that Apple
sold 3 million watches in 3 months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even
assuming all of these are the large 42 mm with a 0.94 Wh battery, this is a
total of 2800 kWh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Which would be 33
Tesla Model S, 85kWh cars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For comparison Tesla sells 2000 cars a month.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you work for a battery supplier, which one
would you rather sell to? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Turns out, probably to Apple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wait, what? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ok.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would much rather
have the volumes of Tesla.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or sell to
the MWh grid scale installations that are popping up everywhere (I use the word
“everywhere” rather generously).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
when you are selling something that big (read, expensive) margins are going to
be pretty thin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At $350/kWh for an 85
kWh battery, the Tesla battery probably costs $30k.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How much more can a battery company
charge?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But at $.80 per watch, one can afford to ask for a bit more
money for something that has, say, much higher energy density.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is an extra dollar or two between
friends when you are shelling out $500 on a timepiece? (or, if you are like me,
$10k).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is the advantage of going after a market where the
total cost is small and the margins high.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It provides a path of first entry to the market.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the scale dwarfs in comparison to the EV
or the grid market.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So can one make an amazing new battery for the watch that
has, say, three times the energy even if it costs thrice as much and then
slowly make the size larger and larger till one day it drives our cars?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Maybe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After all, the Li-ion batteries powering every electrified
car and most of the recently announced grid installations all started as small
consumer electronic cells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Companies
learnt how to make them more reliable, get tighter tolerances, and make them
safer so that one day, after 15 years, they were able to move them to
vehicles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Took a long time, but it did happen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So there is hope that some new idea would
first get implemented in small devices, but would cost more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In time, the cost will come down and the
larger markets, which are more price-sensitive, would become accessible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maybe… <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Or… one can borrow a page from Tesla, string a bunch of
watch batteries together and make an electric car battery with it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead of eight thousand 18650 cells, all
one needs to do is take 10 times that number. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Feel free to run with that idea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I won’t even ask for credit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Venkat</span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left; widows: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">P.S. M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">y ardent followers (all seven of them) have, for a long time, expressed their overwhelming desire (!) </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">for me to get on Twitter. Well, ask and you shall receive. J</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.75px;">oin me on </span><a href="http://www.twitter.com/berkeleylab" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #0088cc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.75px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Twitter</a><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.75px;"> on </span></span><span class="aBn" data-term="goog_663762745" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.75px; position: relative; top: -2px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span class="aQJ" style="position: relative; top: 2px; z-index: -1;">Thursday, October 22nd</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.75px;">, at </span></span><span class="aBn" data-term="goog_663762746" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22.75px; position: relative; top: -2px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span class="aQJ" style="position: relative; top: 2px; z-index: -1;">10 a.m. PT</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.75px;"> when I will talk about the future of batteries for EVs & grid storage. I think this would be described as a Twitter chat. The hashtag is </span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">#BattChat </b></div>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-69030308940242303522015-10-05T19:18:00.000-07:002015-10-05T19:18:15.968-07:00A boom. Then a bust. And now, a new equilibrium?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The title of this post could very well apply to my
enthusiasm for blogging (although it really is meant to reflect the state of the
battery industry).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The last time I made regular posts (I’m not counting the one-off
posts in the last couple of years) was in May 2012.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the meantime, a lot has happened in the
world of batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But I have not been
writing about them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Early last year, I
noticed that I was unable to even access this site and it was auto forwarding
to a different website (and no, the website it was directing to was not really
that exciting!).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apparently one of the
widgets (like Digg, or equivalent) had been compromised and was taking over the
site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Welcome to the problem of monetization
on the web and the unsavory practices it promotes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I had a personal reason for the lack of activity on this
blog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We had a kid in August 2012 and my
weekends were spent trying to design a battery-powered diaper-changing robot
rather than writing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the timing coincided
with the precipitous drop in cleantech after the boom in the 1<sup>st</sup> decade
of this century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of cleantech was
taking a beating; deal flow was nonexistent; and the whole startup scene in
cleantech appeared to be dying. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I was fully expecting battery startups to collapse and the
whole sector to take a beating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of
this did happen: a few companies went under; few others cut back (and continue
to do so); all of them started conserving cash.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I was fully expecting the interest in batteries to go back to pre-boom
times. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This blog was not meant to be a
spot for rumors and news, so what does one write about?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Surprisingly (!), I have been wrong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Folks are still starting companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some are bootstrapping; others are getting small
investments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Series B and C investments
are still happening, although valuation are probably not be where they were in
2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t have any hard numbers, but I seem to
hear about a new company every few weeks or so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Anecdotally (and surprisingly), it does appear that there is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">growing</i> activity in batteries. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The last battery boom was fuelled, in part, by the hope of
replicating an A123: “If A123 can make a product and get a contract with an OEM
in a few years, maybe we can do that too”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Now we know that it takes thrice as long, and three times as much as we
all thought (how we can accelerate this will be the subject of a future post).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, what is driving the renewed interest?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This aspect requires exploration. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the other hand, these are interesting times indeed in the
world of batteries. Tesla’s gigafactory promises to decrease cost of Li-ion
batteries to less than $200/kWh over the next few years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There have been claims that the costs could
go down even further.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a blog titled
“<a href="http://thisweekinbatteries.blogspot.com/2010/08/one-battery-chemistry-to-rule-them-all.html" target="_blank">One battery chemistry to rule them all</a>” I argued that there is no winning
chemistry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For cars, I argued that
Li-ion will win, but the specific chemistry is far from clear. For grid storage
I argued that the time of discharge was so varied that it was pretty much impossible
to predict which chemistry would win.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here is a quote from that article “Each chemistry has its
pros and cons. There are four criteria one looks for in a battery: Cost, life,
performance, and safety. No one chemistry is the magic bullet that satisfies
all these criteria. Each choice leads to a compromise. As of today, it appears
hard to predict the winner.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
That was 2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
is now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How things have changed! <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Li-ion has gotten cheaper and will get cheaper in time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tesla’s play is going to force all the other
companies to also embark on vertical integration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In commoditized markets like energy, cost is
the main driver.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of the four criteria,
cost ends up being THE important one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And the one who holds the cost advantage is well poised to be a
winner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How does a non-Li-ion battery company survive in times like
this?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Would they ever get the scale up
to the point where their cost would compete with the big Li-ion players? Who
would fund these companies to reach that scale?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Would Li-ion become the silicon solar cells equivalent, killing all
other chemistries? What is the floor on Li-ion battery costs?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Would the vertical integration exclude some
classes of Li-ion favoring others?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Would
the locked-in investment in a certain form factor of batteries relegate newer
(possibly better) designs to the sidelines?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This aspect also requires exploration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But the cost reduction from the big players, and the promise
of the bit less than $200/kWh battery is not enough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cost targets for a 200-mile electric cars
stand at $125/kWh for mass commercialization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>My gas-powered Subaru goes almost 400 miles on a tank.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If we decide EV’s need to have the same
range, then the cost has to be even lower.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We probably do need these batteries to last 15 years as opposed to the
7-8 years that they are expected to last.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And would we ever find ourselves (in some distant future) charging our
batteries in a few minutes as opposed to hours?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Everyone says that we need batteries at $100/kWh for the
grid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some have argued that this is not enough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have seen numbers that suggest that we need
to be at $50/kWh if we want to cut the (electric) cord and use solar generation
and battery storage and be at cost parity with the grid electricity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And do we really want to replace our battery
every 8 years?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And how big a Li-ion
battery is one willing to put in ones home?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When I see PR announcements on behind-the-meter residential storage
batteries, the battery guy in me knows that I would not want a significant
fire-hazard adjacent to the walls of my house! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From a pure technology perspective, the multitude of
chemistries has a place in this evolving world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Flow batteries do make sense, in long discharge-time applications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Advanced lead-acid may very well be the
ultimate chemistry, if we can solve the cycle life issues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other aqueous systems could all provide
cheaper, safer alternatives to Li-ion, if we can spend time and resources (as
we did with Li-ion) to get them to meet their potential.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next generation of Li-based systems and
non Li-based systems may very well be needed for the next jump in cost to
occur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In most battery people’s minds there is a roadmap (akin to
that in semiconductors) on the future generation of batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today we have Li-ion, then we would move to
the advanced version’s of it with newer anodes and higher voltage cathodes,
then onto the metal-based anodes allowing next generation cathodes to come in
and so on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the roadmap that the
big players will follow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But we also
need to think about enabling disruption and changes to this roadmap that allow
leapfrog innovations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This needs careful thinking.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When I first started this blog (on Feb 9, 2010), there was
so much activity (and noise) in batteries that I felt that there needed to be a
forum to talk about it and set the record straight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I had thought that, after the bust, the need
was gone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clearly that is not true.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a need to talk about the lessons
learnt from the last boom-bust cycle, the changing landscape, the roadmap for
development of new batteries, the market drivers and challenges etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
TWiB is an ideal forum to have this conversation and so I
have decided to bring it back to life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
need to think about a sustainable way to do that, so that my busy schedule (you
will be amazed at the number of Netflix shows I need to catch up on) does not
stop activity on this site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is
great stuff on the web on batteries and cleantech, but I can’t find anything
that has the kind of close juxtaposition of technology and market analysis that
TWiB brings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And I’m a lot more
entertaining (?) to read.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So stay tuned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p>Venkat </o:p></div>
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<o:p>p.s. All these topics would be discussed at the 2015 Bay Area Battery Summit on Nov 3 2015. Click <a href="http://www.energystorage.lbl.gov/battery-summit/" target="_blank">here</a> for details</o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-51065628427967561922015-10-02T20:09:00.003-07:002015-10-04T08:27:38.277-07:002015 Bay Area Battery Summit<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxKkJWAAzRzsfOAtO0Ex8v1vQAzVCYbKN9o66-yqBsuo7xqIyE3_grm_He15WmCMmpOP6RTDWVdirlRDVhqcIQsAdNC4TATZKNJ7CBp9pFlu7pLhaJ8lMBqYNCagYX6qDNjKbEKXZ70Xau/s1600/16-EE-2177-Social-Media_1200x1200_v2_092815+%25281%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxKkJWAAzRzsfOAtO0Ex8v1vQAzVCYbKN9o66-yqBsuo7xqIyE3_grm_He15WmCMmpOP6RTDWVdirlRDVhqcIQsAdNC4TATZKNJ7CBp9pFlu7pLhaJ8lMBqYNCagYX6qDNjKbEKXZ70Xau/s400/16-EE-2177-Social-Media_1200x1200_v2_092815+%25281%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Folks: As you all know, these are very interesting times in the landscape of energy storage. Batteries are getting cheaper, and promise to continue to drop as vertical integration becomes more common. We are seeing more EVs on the road and stationary storage, both on the grid and behind the meter, is starting to become part of our conversation. But we still need better technologies. Can we get batteries to last 25 years? Can we make them more energetic so that we recharge them less frequently? Can we get them to charge in 15 minutes? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These are important questions however, technology is only part of the solution. The business climate is changing rapidly. Startups like Seeo are getting acquired and I believe that this is the start of a new trend. I'm seeing more energy startups getting into this game after a hiatus of almost 3 years. I'm seeing more investors put money into batteries. Lawmakers all over this country are paying attention and starting to wonder how they can make a difference.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On Nov 3, we will bring together experts to discuss all of these aspects: including the present status of battery technology, lessons on how to succeed in the market, how start-ups can compete with big players, does policy help or hinder, what new innovations are important for investors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With keynote talks, technology updates, and panel discussions, we hope to have an in-depth conversation on the status of the technology, the market challenges, and the role of policy. At the end of the day, we will have a reception with posters that showcase the latest in the technology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some of the Keynote speakers include:</span></div>
<ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.701961); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">David Hochschild, Commissioner, California Energy Commission</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mateo Jaramillo, Director of Powertrain Business Development, Tesla Motors</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Danny Kennedy, Managing Director, CalCEF, and President, CalCharge</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cheryl Martin, Former Acting Director, ARPA-E, Founder, Harwich Partners</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.701961); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hany Eitouni, Chief Technology Officer, Seeo Inc. </span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">George Crabtree, Director, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Whether you are an energy storage researcher, developer, policy maker, or investor, you will find the meeting to be of interest. So join us at this exciting event.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For more details, click <a href="http://www.energystorage.lbl.gov/battery-summit/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #8c68cb; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">here</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To register click <a href="https://www.regonline.com/Register/Checkin.aspx?EventID=1761968&lbrd=1&rTypeID=968461" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #8c68cb; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">here</a></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-11555876413730067922013-02-06T20:05:00.000-08:002013-02-06T20:05:15.489-08:00Are you charged up? Because we are ready to go!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Succeeding in the battery space is hard. One needs a technology that has some advantage over existing technologies; the advantage has to be large enough that one can compete with existing players, especially ones that are in Asia. The technology has to be manufacturable at a low cost so that one can compete without requiring a large cost premium. And one has to to maintain the advantage as competitors try to catch up. <div>
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But its not just about the technology. If you don't have a technology that satisfies a market demand, then its equally likely that the company will not succeed. </div>
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And in some markets your efforts may be stymied by the regulatory policies that may prevent the battery being developed from being used. </div>
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What this means is that to succeed, you need to have the right battery technology, the right manufacturing methods, go after the right markets, and use regulations to your advantage. Tall order for any one person to do by themselves!</div>
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So how does one learn about all of these things?</div>
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Say Hello to CalCharge: The consortium that Berkeley Lab and CalCEF have formed to accelerate innovation by forming a regional innovation cluster. Read about CalCharge <a href="http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2012/05/29/calcharge/" target="_blank">here</a>. </div>
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CalCharge has teamed up with San Jose State to start what we are calling "Battery University"- a professional educational program that will address the technology, market, and policy challenges. You can learn all about this and get the latest news about batteries in California at a kickoff event scheduled for next Tuesday Feb 12th at 6 PM at the Network Meeting Center in Santa Clara. </div>
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Former Senator Bingaman, who was the Chair of the Senate Energy and Resources Committee, will provide us his views on storage, the importance of regional innovation clusters, and the role the federal goverment can play. We also have a roster of great speakers from SJSU, Applied Ventures, and Proctor and Gamble. </div>
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More importantly, you may even have a chance to see me speak. </div>
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Learn all about it <a href="http://www.calcharge.org/event-registration/?ee=1" target="_blank">here</a>. </div>
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It is the start of something great. Its a good way to learn about storage, and to network. We will even have a setup to watch the State of the Union at 6 PM before we launch into the program for the day. </div>
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So come join us to get charged up. </div>
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Venkat</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6002016549730514348.post-64256816972110915252012-12-15T09:11:00.001-08:002012-12-15T09:11:48.300-08:00And here are the lucky winners<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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I have a new found respect for movie actors (not stage actors, mind you). Being in front of a camera makes you self conscious in a way being in front of an audience does not. I can see why Arnold stuck to one liners! </div>
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Anyhooo... last week, I asked via a video blog to send in your questions on all things batteries. The response was infinitely better than I expected (ponder that sentence for a second and you will see two ways to interpret that). I answered a few of the questions. </div>
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The questions were all very interesting ranging from how we can make a battery that is five time better and five times cheaper to how one can become a battery scientist (start a blog?). </div>
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The clip with the answers is below. I assume there will be followups. You can post them in the comments and I will answer them. It may be during the Holiday break, but I will answer them. </div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/W9ukJZS0BJs?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe></div>
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Venkat</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612502163391007669noreply@blogger.com0